Buddhism Glossary

티스토리 뷰

Buddhism Glossary

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Agadas
adj.: healthy; n.: antidote, panacea, universal remedy.

Agamas
Generic term applied to a collection of traditional doctrines and precepts; also means the home or collecting-place of the law or truth; the peerless law; the ultimate absolute truth. The Four Agamas are as follows: (1) Dirghagama, "law treatises on cosmogony; (2) Madhyamagama, "middle" treatises on metaphysics; (3) Samyuktagama, "miscellaneous" treatises on abstract contemplation; (4) Edottaragama, "numerical" treatises on subjects treated numerically.The sutras of Theravada are referred to at times as the Agamas.

Agara
House, dwelling, receptacle; also, used in the sense of a Bodily organ, e.g., the ear for sound, etc.

Agaru/Aguru
Sandalwood incense.

Alaya Consciousness
The fundamental consciousness of all sentient beings. As defined by the Yogacara School, Alaya means the "storehouse", implying that this consciousness contains and preserves all past memories and potential psychic energy within its fold; it is the reservoir of all ideas, memories and desires and is also the fundamental cause of both Samsara and Nirvana.

Almsgiving
see charity.

Amitabha(Amida, Amita, Amitayus)
Amitabha is the most commonly used name for the Buddha of Infinite Light and Infinite Life. A transhistorical Buddha venerated by all Mahayana schools (T'ien T'ai, Esoteric, Zen ...) and, particularly, Pure Land. Presides over the Western Pure Land (Land of Ultimate Bliss), where anyone can be reborn through utterly sincere recitation of His name, particularly at the time of death.

Amitabha Buddha at the highest or noumenon level represents the True Mind, the Self-Nature common to the Buddhas and sentient beings - all encompassing and all-inclusive. This deeper understanding provides the rationale for the harmonization of Zen and Pure Land, two of the most popular schools of Mahayana Buddhism. See also "Buddha Reatation," "Mind," "Pure Land."

Amitabha Sutra
See "Three Pure land Sutras."

Anasrava
(Skt.) Opposite of asrava.

Anuttara-Samayak-Sambodhi
The incomparably, completely and fully awakened mind; it is the attribute of buddhas.

Apaya-bhumi
States of woe: the three realms of existence characterized by extreme discomfort and delusion--i.e., hell-states, animal-birth and the hungry ghosts, or pretas.

Arhat
Arhatship is the highest rank attained by Sravakas. An Arhat is a Buddhist saint who has attained liberation from the cycle of Birth and Death, generally through living a monastic life in accordance with the Buddhas' teachings. This is the goal of Theravadin practice, as contrasted with Bodhisattvahood in Mahayana practice. (A Dictionary of Buddhism.) The stage is preceded by three others: 1. Stream Winner, 2. Once-Returner, 3. Non-Returner. See also "Sravakas."

Arthakrtya
One of the Four All-Embracing Virtues: performance of conduct profitable to others in order to lead them toward the truth.

Arya
Any individual ennobled by his/her own continuing effort on the path to enlightenment.

Asamkhiya (kalpa)
Term related to the Buddhist metaphysics of time. Each of the periodic manifestations and dissolutions of universes which go on eternally has four parts, called asamkhiya kalpas.

Asrava
(Skt.) Pain causing impurity, defilement.

Asura
Titanic demons, enemies of the gods, with whom-especially Indra-they wage war.

Attachment
In the Four Noble truths, Buddha Shakyamuni taught that attachment to self is the root cause of suffering:

From craving [attachment] springs grief, from craving springs fear; For him who is wholly free from craving, there is no grief, much less fear. (Dhammapada Sutra. In Narada Maha Thera, The Buddha and His Teachings.)
If you don't have attachments, naturally you're liberated ... In ancient times, there was an old cultivator who asked for instructions from a monk, "Great Monk, let me ask you, how can I attain liberation?" The Great monk said, "Who tied you up?" This old cultivator answered, "Nobody tied me up." The monk said, "Then why do you seek liberation?" (Hsuan Hua, tr., Flower Adornment Sutra, "Pure Conduct," chap. 11.)

For the seasoned practitioner, even the Dharma must not become an attachment. As an analogy, to clean one's shirt, it is necessary to use soap. However, if the soap is not then rinsed out, the garment will not be truly clean. Similarly, the practitioner's mind will not be fully liberated until he severs attachment to everything, including the Dharma itself.

Avalokitesvara
The name is a compound of Ishwara, meaning Lord, and avalokita, looked upon or seen, and is usually translated as the Lord Who Observes (the cries of the world); the Buddhist embodiment of compassion as formulated in the Mahayana Dharma. Also called Kuan Yin, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. Guan Yin is one of the triad of Amitabha Buddha, represented on his left, Usually recognizable by the small Buddha adorning Her crown. Guan Yin can transform into many different forms in order to cross over to the beings. Guan Yin is one of the most popular Bodhisattva in China.

Avatamsaka (Flower Ornament) Sutra
The basic text of the Avatamsaka School. It is one of the longest sutras in the Buddhist Canon and records the highest teaching of Buddha Shakyamuni, immediately after Enlightenment. It is traditionally believed that the Sutra was taught to the Bodhisattvas and other high spiritual beings while the Buddha was in samadhi. The Sutra has been described as the "epitome of Buddhist thought, Buddhist sentiment and Buddhist experience" and is quoted by all schools of Mahayana Buddhism, in particular, Pure Land and Zen.

Awakening vs. Enlightenment
A clear distinction should be made between awakening to the Way (Great Awakening) and attaining the Way (attaining Enlightenment). (Note: There are many degrees of Awakening and Enlightenment. Attaining the Enlightenment of the Arhats, Pratyeka Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, etc. is different from attaining Supreme Enlightenment, i.e., Buddhahood.)

To experience a Great Awakening is to achieve (through Zen meditation, Buddha Recitation, etc.) a complete and deep realization of what it means to be a Buddha and how to reach Buddhahood. It is to see one's Nature, comprehend the True Nature of things, the Truth. However, only after becoming a Buddha can one be said to have truly attained Supreme Enlightenment (attained the Way). A metaphor appearing in the sutras is that of a glass of water containing sediments. As long as the glass is undisturbed, the sediments remain at the bottom and the water is clear. However, as soon as the glass is shaken, the water becomes turbid. Likewise, when a practitioner experiences a Great Awakening (awakens to the Way), his afflictions (greed, anger and delusion) are temporarily suppressed but not yet eliminated. To achieve Supreme Enlightenment (i.e., to be rid of all afflictions, to discard all sediments) is the ultimate goal. Only then can he completely trust his mind and actions. Before then, he should adhere to the precepts, keep a close watch on his mind and thoughts, like a cat stalking a mouse, ready to pounce on evil thoughts as soon as they arise. To do otherwise is to court certain failure, as stories upon stories of errant monks, roshis and gurus demonstrate.

Awakening of the Faith (Treatise)
A major commentary by the Patriarch Asvaghosha (lst/2nd cent.), which presents the fundamental principles of Mahayana Buddhism. Several translations exist in English.

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Ban T'o
Suddhidanthaka in Sanskrit. Ban T퉛 was a disciple of Buddha, and he was very forgetful; for when the Buddha taught him the second sentence of a gatha of a sutra he would forget the first one, and when he was taught the third one he would forget the second one. Ultimately, however, with persistence he became an Arhat.

Bardo
The intermediate existence between death and reincarnation -- a stage varying from seven to forty-nine days, after which the Karmic body from previous lives will certainly be reborn.

Bhiksu
Religious mendicant; Buddhist fully ordained monk. Bhiksuni is the equivalent term designating a woman.

Bhadanta
"Most virtuous"; honorific title apllied to a Buddha.

Bhaisajyaguru
Sanskrit word, the Buddha of Medicine, who quells all diseases and lengthens life. His is the Buddha in the Pure Land of the Paradise of the East.

Bhutatathata
The true character of reality. The real as thus, always or eternally so. True Suchness.

Bodhi
Sanskrit for Enlightenment. Also Perfect knowledge or wisdom by which a person becomes a Buddha.

Bodhi-Tao
Bodhi-path: The way or path to the Supreme Enlightenment of Buddhahood.

Bodhi Mind (Bodhicitta, Great Mind)
The spirit of Enlightenment, the aspiration to achieve it, the Mind set on Enlightenment. It involves two parallel aspects: i) the determination to achieve Buddhahood and ii) the aspiration to rescue all sentient beings.

Bodhimandala
Truth-plot, holy sits, place of Enlightenment, the place where the Buddha attained Enlightenment.

Bodhisattvas
Those who aspire to Supreme Enlightenment and Buddhahood for themselves and all beings. The word Bodhisattva can therefore stand for a realized being such as Avalokitesvara or Samantabhadra but also for anyone who has developed the Bodhi Mind, the aspiration to save oneself and others.

Bodhisattva-Tao
The way of the practitioner of Mahayana Buddhism. One following this path aspires to the attainment of Enlightenment for the sake and benefit of all sentient beings.

Brahma Net Sutra (Brahmajala Sutra)
This is a sutra of major significance in Mahayana Buddhism. In addition to containing the ten major precepts of Mahayana (not to kill, steal, lie, etc.) the Sutra also contains forty-eight less important injunctions. These fifty-eight major and minor precepts constitute the Bodhisattva Precepts, taken by most Mahayana monks and nuns and certain advanced lay practitioners.

Brahmacarya
Lit., Brahma or purified life, usually connoting the practice of celibacy.

Brahmajala
Or Indra's net, characterized by holding a luminous gem in every one of its eyes. (Hindu mythology).

Brahmin
The highest of the four Castes in Hinduism. They served Brahma, his offering, the keepers of the Vedas, i.e. priestly.

Buddha
Lit., the Awakened One; one who through aeons of spiritual development has attained Anuttara-Samyak-Sambodhi. This epithet usually refers to Sakyamuni Buddha, who lived and taught in India some 2,600 years ago.

Buddha Nature
The following terms refer to the same thing: Self-Nature, True Nature, Original Nature, Dharma Nature, True Mark, True Mind, True Emptiness, True Thusness, Dharma Body, Original Face, Emptiness, Prajna, Nirvana, etc.

According to the Mahayana view, [buddha-nature] is the true, immutable, and eternal nature of all beings. Since all beings possess buddha-nature, it is possible for them to attain enlightenment and become a buddha, regardless of what level of existence they occupy ... The answer to the question whether buddha-nature is immanent in beings is an essential determining factor for the association of a given school with Theravada or Mahayana, the two great currents within Buddhism. In Theravada this notion is unknown; here the potential to become a buddha is not ascribed to every being. By contrast the Mahayana sees the attainment of buddhahood as the highest goal; it can be attained through the inherent buddha-nature of every being through appropriate spiritual practice. (The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.)

See also "Dharma Nature."

Buddha Recitation
See "Buddha-Remembrance".

Buddha-Remembrance
General term for a number of practices, such as i) oral recitation of Amitabha Buddha's name and ii) visualization/contemplation of His auspicious marks and those of the Pure Land.

In reciting the buddha-name you use your own mind to be mindful of your own true self: how could this be considered seeking outside yourself?
Reciting the buddha-name proceeds from the mind. The mind remembers Buddha and does not forget. That's why it is called buddha remembrance, or reciting the buddha-name mindfully.

The most common Pure Land technique is recitation of Amitabha Buddha's name. See also "Amitabha," "Pure Land."

Buddhadharma
Lit., Teaching of Enlightenment. Originally apllied to designate the teaching of Shakyamuni Buddha; supplanted by the term "Buddhism" in its later historical development.

Buddharupa
A statue or Image of the Buddha, used for devotional purposes.

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Caitya
Tumulus, a mausoleum; a place where the relics of Buddha were collected; hence, a place where the sutras or images are placed.

Cakravala
The nine cakravala or concentric mountain ranges or continents, separated by eight seas, of a universe.

Candana
White candana, or white sandalwood.

Chan
See Zen.

Ch'an-Ting
Lit., mind still and quiet: the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit terms Dhyana-Samadhi, meaning deep contemplative practice or yogic absorption.

Charity
or almsgiving, the first Paramitas. There are three kinds of charity in terms of goods, teaching (Dharma) and courage (fearlessness). Out of the three, the merits and virtues of the teaching of the Buddha Dharma is the most surpassing. Charity done for no reward here and hereafter is called pure or unsullied, while the sullied charity is done for the purpose of personal benefits. In Buddhism, the merits and virtues of pure charity is the best.

Chiliocosm
Countless Universes.

Chih-Kuan
In practice there are three contemplations; seeing such abstractions: (1) by fixing the mind on the nose, navel, etc. (2) by stopping every thought as it arises; (3) by dwelling on the thought that no thing exists of itself, but from a preceding cause.

Chung Yin Shen
See Bardo.

Cintamani
The talismanic pearl, a symbol of bestowing fortune and capable of fulfilling every wish.

Citta
Mind or heart. the two terms being synonymous in Asian religious philosophy.

Conditioned (compounded)
Describes all the various phenomena in the world - made up of separate, discrete elements, "with outflows," with no intrinsic nature of their own. Conditioned merits and virtues lead to rebirth within samsara, whereas unconditioned merits and virtues are the causes of liberation from Birth and Death. See also "Unconditioned."

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Dana
The practice of generosity or charity: one of the Paramitas as well as one of the All-Embracing Virtues, where it means, in the latter, giving others what they want just to lead them towards the truth.

Dedication of Merit
See "Transference of Merit."

Delusion (Ignorance)
"Delusion refers to belief in something that contradicts reality. In Buddhism, delusion is ... a lack of awareness of the true nature or Buddha nature of things, or of the true meaning of existence. "According to the Buddhist outlook, we are deluded by our senses-- among which intellect (discriminating, discursive thought) is included as a sixth sense. Consciousness, attached to the senses, leads us into error by causing us to take the world of appearances for the world of reality, whereas in fact it is only a limited and fleeting aspect of reality." (The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.)

Demons
Evil influences which hinder cultivation. These can take an infinite number of forms, including evil beings or hallucinations. Disease and death, as well as the three poisons of greed, anger and delusion are also equated to demons, as they disturb the mind.

The Nirvana Sutra lists four types of demon: i) greed, anger and delusion; ii) the five skandas, or obstructions caused by physical and mental functions; iii) death; iv) the demon of the Sixth Heaven (Realm of Desire).

The Self-Nature has been described in Mahayana sutras as a house full of gold and jewelry. To preserve the riches, i.e., to keep the mind calm, empty and still, we should shut the doors to the three thieves of greed, anger and delusion. Letting the mind wander opens the house to "demons," that is, hallucinations and harm. Thus, Zen practitioners are taught that, while in meditation, "Encountering demons, kill the demons, encountering Buddhas, kill the Buddhas." Both demons and Buddhas are mind-made, Mind-Only.

For a detailed discussion of demons, see Master Thich Thien Tam, Buddhism of Wisdom and' Faith, sect. 51.

Devakanya
Goddess in general attendance on the regents of the sun and moon.

Deva
Lit., "A shining one". An inhabitant of the heavenly realms, which is characterized by long life, joyous surroundings and blissful states of mind. In the Buddhist tradition, these states are understood to be impermanent, not eternal.

Deva King
The four Deva Kings in the first, or lowest, Devaloka on its four sides are the following: East-Dhrtarastra; South-Virodhaka; West-Viropaksa; North-Dhanada, or Vaisravana.

Dharini
Extended mantra used in esoteric branch of Buddhism to focus and expand the mind. Its words, or sounds, should not communicate any recognizable meaning.

Dharma
a) The teachings of the Buddhas (generally capitalized in English); b) duty, law, doctrine; c) things, events, phenomena, everything.

Dharma-dhatu
The Law-doctrine that is the reality behind being and non-being. It is interpenetrative and all-inclusive, just as the rotation of the earth holds both night and day.

Dharma-Ending Age, Degenerate Age, Last Age.
The present spiritually degenerate era, twenty-six centuries after the demise of Shakyamuni Buddha. The concept of decline, dissension and schism within the Dharma after the passing of the Buddha is a general teaching of Buddhism and a corollary to the Truth of Impermanence. See, for example, the Diamond Sutra (sect. 6 in the translation by A.F. Price and Wong Mou-lam). The time following Buddha Shakyamuni's demise is divided into three periods: i) the Perfect Age of the Dharma, lasting 500 years, when the Buddha's teaching (usually meditation) was correctly practiced and Enlightenment often attained; ii) the Dharma Semblance Age, lasting about 1,000 years, when a form of the teaching was practiced but Enlightenment seldom attained; iii) the Dharma-Ending Age, lasting some ten thousand years, when a diluted form of the teaching exists and Enlightenment is rarely attained.

Dharma Gate
School, method, tradition.

Dharma Nature
The intrinsic nature of all things. Used interchangeably with "emptiness," "reality." See also "Buddha Nature."

Dharmakara
The Bodhisattva who later became Amitabha Buddha, as related in the Longer Amitabha Sutra. The Bodhisattva Dharmakara is famous for forty-eight Vows, particularly the eighteenth, which promises rebirth in the Pure Land to anyone who recites His name with utmost sincerity and faith at the time of death.

Dharmakaya
See "Three bodies of the Buddha."

Dhyana
The practice of concentration--i.e., meditation. Also, more specifically, the four form concentrations and the four formless concentrations.

Diamond Sutra
"An independent part of the Prajnaparamita Sutra, which attained great importance, particularly in East Asia. It shows that all phenomenal appearances are not ultimate reality but rather illusions, projections of one's own mind ... The work is called Diamond Sutra because it is 'sharp like a diamond that cuts away all unnecessary conceptualizations and brings one to the further shore of enlightenment.'" (The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.)

Difficult Path of Practice (Path of the Sages, Self-Power Path)
According to Pure Land teaching, all conventional Buddhist ways of practice and cultivation (Zen, Theravada, the Vinaya School ...), which emphasize self-power and self-reliance. This is contrasted to the Easy Path of Practice, that is, the Pure Land method, which relies on both self-power and other-power (the power and assistance of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas).

Duskrta
Wrongdoing, evil action, misdeed, sin; external sins of the body and the mouth; a light sin.

Dusts (Worldly Dusts)
A metaphor for all the mundane things that can cloud our bright Self-Nature. These include form, sound, scent, taste, touch, dharmas (external opinions and views). These dusts correspond to the five senses and the discriminating, everyday mind (the sixth sense, in Buddhism).

Dviyana
Lit., two vehicles. The two vehicles or practice paths of Sravakayana and Pratyekabuddhayana.

Dwo-Shih
An unusual term indicating one who has practiced the Tao with great diligence and blessing during his lifetime and who, after his death, does not want to enter just any womb, but prefers to wait for some auspicious condition, usurping such a good position from another, less highly developed spirit.

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Easy Path of Practice
Refers to Pure Land practice. The Easy Path involves reliance on the power of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, in particular Buddha Amitabha ("other-power") in addition to one's own cultivation("self-power"). Usually contrasted with primary reliance on self-power (Difficult Path of Practice), taught in other Buddhist schools. Equal reliance on self-power and other-power distinguishes the Pure Land School from most other schools of Buddhism. The distinction is, however, a matter of emphasis, as all schools of Buddhism rely, to a greater or lesser extent, on both self-power and other-power. See also "Other-power".

Eight Divisions of Gods and Dragons
Devas (gods), Nagas (Dragons) and others of eight divisions (classes): deva, nagas, yakas, ganharvas, asuras, gaudas, kinaras, mahoragas.

Eight Sufferings
(1) Suffering of Birth; (2) Suffering of Old Age; (3) Suffering of Sickness; (4) Suffering of Death; (5) Suffering of being apart from the loved ones; (6) Suffering being together with the despised ones; (7) Suffering of not getting what one wants; (8) Suffering of the flouishing of the Five Skandhas.

Eight Winds
Winds of Eight Directions. Most people are usually moved by the winds of the eight directions: (1) Praise; (2) Ridicule; (3) Suffering; (4)Happiness; (5) Benefit; (6) Destruction; (7) Gain; (8) Loss.

Eightfold Path
The eight right ways leading to the cessation of sufferings. (1) Right View; (2) Right Thought; (3) Right Speech; (4) Right Action; (5) Right Livelihood; (6) Right Effort; (7) Right Remembrance; (8) Right Concentration.

Endurance (World)
See "Saha World."

Enlightenment
See "Awakening vs. Enlightenment."

Evil Paths
The paths of hells, hungry ghosts, animality. These paths can be taken as states of mind; i.e., when someone has a vicious thought of maiming or killing another, he is effectively reborn, for that moment, in the hells.

Expedient means (Skillful means, Skill-in-means, Upaya)
Refers to strategies, methods, devices, targetted to the capacities, circumstances, likes and dislikes of each sentient being, so as to rescue him and lead him to Enlightenment. "Thus, all particular formulations of the Teaching are just provisional expedients to communicate the Truth (Dharma) in specific contexts." (J.C. Cleary.) "The Buddha's words were medicines for a given sickness at a given time," always infinitely adaptable to the conditions of the audience.

Externalists
Literally, followers of non-Buddhist paths. This term is generally used by Buddhists with reference to followers of other religions.

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Five Bhikshus
The first five of Buddha's converts: Ajnata-Kaundinya, Asvajit, Bhadrika, Dasabala-Kasyapa, and Mahanama-Kulika. They were the first five disciples that Shakyamuni preached when he became Buddha.

Five Corruptions
See "Five Turbidities."

Five Desires (Five Sensual Pleasures)
Desires connected with the five senses, i.e., form, sound, aroma, taste and touch.

Five Eyes
1. human eye; 2. devine eye; 3. dharma eye; 4. wisdom eye; 5. Buddha eye.

Five Fundamental Conditions of Passions and Delusions
1. Wrong views which are common to triloka; 2. Clinging or attachment in the desire realm; 3. Clinging or attachment in the form realm: 4. Clinging or attachment in the formless realm which is still mortal; 5. The state of unenlightenment which is the root-cause of all distressful delusion.

Five Natures
The natures of (1) Bodhisattvas, (2) Sravakas and Pratyekabuddhas, (3) ordinary good people, (4) agnostics, (5) heretics.

Five Offenses
The five rebellious acts or deadly sins: (1) parricide; (2) matricide; (3) killing an arhat; (4) shedding the blood of a Buddha; (5) destroying the harmony of the sangha, or fraternity.

Five Precepts
The precepts taken by lay Buddhists, prohibiting i) killing, ii) stealing iii) lying, iv) sexual misconduct, v) ingesting intoxicants. See also "Ten Precepts."

Five Skandhas
The five groups of elements (Dharmas) into which all existences are classified in early Buddhism. The five are: Rupa (matter), Vedana (feeling), Sanjna (ideation); Samskara (forces or drives) Vijnana (consciousness or sensation). Group, heap, aggregate; the five constituents of the personality; form, feeling, perception, impulses, consciousness; the five factors constituting the individual
person.

Five Turbidities (Corruptions, Defilements, Depravities, Filths, Impurities)
They are. 1. the defilement of views, when incorrect, perverse thoughts and ideas are predominant; 2. the defilement of passions, when all kinds of transgressions are exalted; 3. the defilement of the human condition, when people are usually dissatisfied and unhappy; 4. the defilement of the life-span, when the human life-span as a whole decreases; S. the defilement of the world-age, when war and natural disasters are rife. These conditions, viewed from a Buddhist angle, however, can constitute aids to Enlightenment, as they may spur practitioners to more earnest cultivation.

Flower Store World
The entire cosmos, consisting of worlds upon worlds ad infinitum, as described in the Avatamsaka Sutra. It is the realm of Vairocana Buddha, the transcendental aspect of Buddha Shakyamuni and of all Buddhas. The Saha World, the Western Pure Land and, for that matter, all lands and realms are within the Flower Store World.

Four Aspects (of Buddha Dharma)
(1) the teaching; (2) the principle; (3) the practice; (4) the fruit/reward/result.

Four Elements
All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes :
(1) earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability; (2) water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture; (3) fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth; (4) wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement.

Four Fruits of the Arhat
See under Arhat entry.

Four Great Bodhisattva
They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva:
1.Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva;
2.Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva;
3.Ksitigarbha - Earth Store King Great Vow Bodhisattva;
4.Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva.

Four Great Vows (Four Universal Vows)
The four vows held by all Bodhisattvas. These vows are called great because of the wondrous and inconceivable compassion involved in fulfilling them. They are as follows: Sentient beings without number we vow to enlighten; Vexations without end we vow to eradicate; Limitless approaches to Dharma we vow to master; The Supreme Awakening we vow to achieve.

Four Noble Truths
1)Sufferings; 2)Cause of Sufferings; 3)Cessation of sufferings; 4)The Path leading to the cessation of sufferings.

Four Pure Lands
A classification by the Pure Land and T'ien T'ai schools of the pure realms subsumed under the Land of Amitabha Buddha, as described in the sutras. They are:

i) the Land of Common Residence of Beings and Saints (Land Where Saints and Ordinary Beings Dwell Together), where all beings, from the six lower worlds (hells, hungry ghosts ...) to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, live together (further divided into two, the Common Residence Pure Land and Common Residence Impure Land);
ii) the Land of Expediency (Land of Expedient Liberation), inhabited by Arhats and lesser Bodhisattvas;
iii) the Land of Real Reward, inhabited by the highest Bodhisattvas;
iv) the Land of Eternally Quiescent Light, in which the Buddhas dwell.

These distinctions are at the phenomenal level. At the noumenon level, there is, of course, no difference among them.

Four Reliance (to learning Buddhist Dharma)
The four standards of Right Dharma which buddhist should rely on or abide by:

(1) to abide by the Dharma, not the person;
(2) to abide by the sutras of ultimate truth, not the sutras of incomplete truth;
(3) to abide by the meaning, not the word;
(4) to abide by the wisdom, not the consciousness.

Four Unlimited Mind
The mind of Bodhisattva: 1. Kindness; 2. Compassion; 3. Delight; 4. Renunciation.

Four Virtues
The four Nirvanic virtues: (1) Eternity or permanence; (2) Joy; (3) Personality; (4) Purity. These four important virtues are affirmed by the sutra in the transcendental or nirvana-realm.

Four Ways (of learning Buddhist Dharma)
(1) Belief/faith; (2) Interpretation/discernment; (3) Practice/performance; (4) Verification/assurance. These are the cyclic process in learning a truth.

Four Wisdom
The forms of wisdom of a Buddha. (1) the Great- Mirror wisdom of Aksobhya; (2) the Universal Wisdom of Ratnaketu; (3) the Profound Observing Wisdom of Amitabha; (4) the Perfecting Wisdom of Amoghsiddhi.

Fourfold Assembly
Or the Four Varga (groups) are bhiksu, bhiksuni, upasaka and upasika, i.e. monks, nuns, male and female devotees.

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Good Spiritual Advisor
Guru, virtuous friend, wise person, Bodhisattva, Buddha -- anyone (even an evil being!) who can help the practitioner progress along the path to Enlightenment. This notwithstanding, wisdom should be the primary factor in the selection of such an advisor: the advisor must have wisdom, and both advisor and practitioner must exercise wisdom in selecting one another.

Great Awakening
See "Awakening vs. Enlightenment."

Great Vehicle
See Mahayana.

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Hua T'ou
Lit., ante word. The reality prior to the arising of thought.

Heaven of the Thirty-Three
A heaven in the Realm of Desire, with thirty-two god-kings presided over by Indra, thus totaling thirty-three, located at the summit of Mt. Sumeru (G.C.C. Chang).

Heretical views
The sutras usually refer to sixty-two such views. They are the externalist (non-Buddhist) views prevalent in Buddha Shakyamuni's time.

Hinayana
The Lesser Vehicle; a term applied by the Mahayana to those schools of Buddhism that practice to attain the fruits of Sravakayana and Pratyekabuddhayana and do not attempt to attain the Anuttara-Samyak-Sambodhi of Buddha.

Holy One
Holy or Saintly One; One who has started on the path to Nirvana.

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Icchantika
One who has no interest in the path to Awakening, or one whose good roots are completely covered.

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Jambunada-suvarna
Jambu River gold; the golden sand of the Jambu river.

Jetavana
A park near the city of Sravasti, said to have been obtained from Prince Jeta by Anathapindika, in which monasterial buildings were erected; the favorite resort of Sakyamuni.

Jewel Net of Indra
This is a net said to hang in the palace of Indra, the king of the gods. At each interstice of the net is a reflecting jewel, which mirrors not only the adjacent jewels but the multiple images reflected in them. This famous image is meant to describe the unimpeded interpenetration of all and everything.

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Kalpa
Periodic manifestations and dissolutions of universes which go on etemally. Great kalpas consist of four asamkhiya kalpas corresponding to childhood. maturity, old age and the death of the universe.

Karma
Volition, volitional or intentional activity. Karma is always followed by its fruit, Vipaka. Karma and Vipaka are oftentimes referred to as the law of causality, a cardinal concern in the Teaching of the Buddha.

Common karma: the difference between personal and common karma can be seen in the following example: Suppose a country goes to war to gain certain economic advantages and in the process, numerous soldiers and civilians are killed or maimed. If a particular citizen volunteers for military service and actually participates in the carnage, he commits a personal karma of killing. Other citizens, however, even if opposed to the war, may benefit directly or indirectly (e.g., through economic gain). They are thus said to share in the common karma of killing of their country.

Fixed karma: in principle, all karma is subject to change. Fixed karma, however, is karma which can only be changed in extraordinary circumstances, because it derives from an evil act committed simultaneously with mind, speech and body. An example of fixed karma would be a premeditated crime (versus a crime of passion).

Kasaya
The monk퉠 robe, or cassock.

Ksana
An inconceivably short mind-moment.

Ksanti
Patience or forbearance, one of the Six Paramitas.

Ksatriya
The second of the four Hindi Castes at the time of Shakyamuni, they were the royal caste, the noble landlord, the warriors and the ruling castes.

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Laksana
A distinctive mark, sign, indication, characteristic or designation. A Buddha is recognized by his thirty-two characteristic physiological marks.

Lankavatara Sutra
The only sutra recommended by Bodhidharma, the First Zen Patriarch in China. It is a key Zen text, along with the Diamond Sutra (recommended by the Sixth Patriarch), the Surangama Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, the Avatamsaka Sutra ... The last four sutras are referred to frequently in Pure Land commentaries.

Last Age
See "Dharma-Ending Age."

Law of Interdependent Causation
It states that all phenomena arise depending upon a number of casual factors. In other word, a phenomenon exists in condition that the other exist; it has in condition that others have; it extinguishes in condition that others extinguish; it has not in condition that others have not. For existence, there are twelve links in the chain:

Ignorance is the condition for karmic activity;
Karmic activity is the condition for consciousness;
Consciousness is the condition for the name and form;
Name and form is the condition for the six sense organs;
Six sense organs are the condition for contact;
Contact is the condition for feeling;
Feeling is the condition for emotional love/craving;
Emotional love/craving is the condition for grasping;
Grasping is the condition for existing;
Existing is the condition for birth;
Birth is the condition for old age and death;
Old age and death is the condition for ignorance; and so on.

Lesser Vehicle
The early Buddhism. A term coined by Mahayanists to distinguish this school of Buddhism [whose modern descendent is Theravada] from Mahayana. It is so called because the teaching of this school puts emphasis on one's own liberation, whereas the teaching of Mahayana stresses the attainment of Buddhahood for all sentient beings. Theravada is now prevalent in southeast Asia, while Mahayana has spread over the northern area (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan ...) (G.C.C. Chang).

Lotus Grades
The nine possible degrees of rebirth in the Western Pure Land. The more merits and virtues the practitioner accumulates, the higher the grade.

Lotus Sect
A Buddhist sect founded by the great Master Hui Yuan about 390 A.D. at his monastery on Mount Lu in Kiangsi Province in China. The Lotus Sect believes in and honors Amitabha Buddha and declares that, through the chanting of his name and by purifying and finally ridding oneself of desire, one can be reborn in the Pure Land. There one is born of a lotus, and, depending on one's degree of purification and practice, one is born into one of the nine grades of the lotus: upper superior, middle superior, lower superior, etc.

Lotus Sutra
Or Saddharma-pundarika, Dharma Flower, or "The Lotus of the True Law." The sutra is the basis for the Lotus sect (T'ien-t'ai in Chinese). Among the sutras of the Mahayana canon.

One of the earliest and most richly descriptive of the Mahayana sutras of Indian origin. It became important for the shaping of the Buddhist tradition in East Asia, in particular because of its teaching of the One Vehicle under which are subsumed the usual Hinayana [Theravada] and Mahayana divisions. It is the main text of the Tendai [T'ien T'ai] school. (Joji Okazaki.)

This School has a historically close relationship with the Pure Land School. Thus, Master T'ai Hsu taught that the Lotus Sutra and the Amitabha Sutras were closely connected, differing only in length.

Lotus Treasury World
See "Ocean-Wide Lotus Assembly."

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Maha-Bodhisattva
Also, Mahasattva; a great Bodhisattva who has reached the advanced stage of Enlightenment.

Mahakaruna
Great compassion.

Mahakasyapa
Also, Kasyapa; one of Buddha's disciples. The Ch'an Sect, according to its tradition, claims him as its first patriarch.

Maharaja
A great or superior king.

Mahayama
The mother of Shakaymuni. She was a Koliyan Princess and married to Suddhodana.

Mahayana
Lit., great vehicle; the dominant Buddhist tradition of East Asia. Special characteristics of Mahayana are 1. Emphasis on bodhisattva ideal, 2. The accession of the Buddha to a superhuman status, 3. The development of extensive philosophical inquiry to counter Brahmanical and other scholarly argument, 4. The development of elaborate devotional practice.

Mahasattva
See Maha-Bodhisattva.

Mahasthamaprapta (Shih Chih, Seishi)
One of the three sages in Pure Land Buddhism, recognizable by the water jar (jeweled pitcher) adorning Her crown. Usually represented in female form in East Asian iconography. Amitabha Buddha is frequently depicted standing between the Bodhisattvas Avalokitesvara and Mahasthamaprapta.

Maitreya
Sanskrit word, literally means friendly and benevolent. He will be the next Buddha in our world. He is now preaching in Tusita Heaven. In China, he is usually represented as the fat laughing Buddha.

Maitri
Loving-kindness.

Manas
The name of the seventh of the eight consciousnesses. I refers to the faculty of thought, the intellectual function of consciousness.

Mani
A jewel, gem, precious stone; especially a pearl bead or other globular ornament.

Mantra
A syllable, word or verse which has been revealed to a seer in meditation, embodiment in sound of a deity; spell or incantation.

Marks
Characteristics, forms, physiognomy. Marks are contrasted with essence, in the same way that phenomena are contrasted with noumenon. True Mark stands for True Form, True Nature, Buddha Nature, always unchanging. The True Mark of all phenomena is like space: always existing but really empty; although empty, really existing. The True Mark of the Triple World is No-Birth/No-Death, not existent/not non-existent, not like this/not like that. True Mark is also called "Self-Nature," "Dharma Body," the "Unconditioned," "True Thusness," "Nirvana," "Dharma Realm.11 See also "Noumenon/Phenomena."

Meditation Sutra
One of the three core sutras of the Pure Land school. It teaches sixteen methods of visualizing Amitabha Buddha, the Bodhisattvas and the Pure Land. This sutra stresses the element of meditation in Pure Land. See also "Three Pure Land Sutras," "Vaidehi," "Visualization."

Merit and Virtue
These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there is a crucial difference: merits are the blessings (wealth, intelligence, etc.) of the human and celestial realms; therefore, they are temporary and subject to Birth and Death. Virtues, on the other hand, transcend Birth and Death and lead to Buddhahood. Four virtues are mentioned in Pure Land Buddhism: eternity; happiness; True Self; purity. An identical action (e.g., charity) can lead either to merit or virtue, depending on the mind of the practitioner, that is, on whether he is seeking mundane rewards (merit) or transcendence (virtue). Thus, the Pure Land cultivator should not seek merits for by doing so, he would, in effect, be choosing to remain within samsara. This would be counter to his very wish to escape Birth and Death.

Middle Vehicle
Also called Middle Doctrine School or Madhyarnika; one of the two main schools of Mahayana thought; it upholds the Void as the only really real or independent, unconditioned Reality.

Mind
Key concept in all Buddhist teaching.

Frequent term in Zen, used in two senses: (1) the mind-ground, the One Mind ... the buddha-mind, the mind of thusness ... (2) false mind, the ordinary mind dominated by conditioning, desire, aversion, ignorance, and false sense of self, the mind of delusion ... (J.C. Cleary, A Buddha from Korea.)

The ordinary, deluded mind (thought) includes feelings, impressions, conceptions, consciousness, etc. The Self-Nature True Mind is the fundamental nature, the Original Face, reality, etc. As an analogy, the Self-Nature True Mind is to mind what water is to waves -- the two cannot be dissociated. They are the same but they are also different. To approach the sutras "making discriminations and nurturing attachments is no different from the Zen allegory of a person attempting to lift a chair while seated on it. If he would only get off the chair, he could raise it easily. Similarly, the practitioner truly understands the Dharma only to the extent that he "suspends the operation of the discriminating intellect, the faculty of the internal dialogue through which people from moment to moment define and perpetuate their customary world of perception." (See this book, Introduction.)

See also "Easy Path of Practice."

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Parajika
Lit., defeat or the conditions leading to the defeat of the Bodhicitta. Also. the conditions leading to the defeat of the Bhiksu's life.

Paramita
: Refers to the six practices, the perfection of which ferries one beyond the sea of suffering and mortality to Nirvana. The six Paramitas are the following: (1) Dana, charity or giving, including the bestowing of truth on others; (2) Sila, keeping the discipline; (3) Ksanti, patience under suffering and insult; (4) Virya, zeal and progress; (5) Dhyana, meditation or contemplation; (6) Prajna, wisdom, the power to discern reality or truth. It is the perfection of the last one -- Prajna -- that ferries sentient beings across the ocean of Samsara (the sea of incarnate life) to the shores of Nirvana.

Parinirvana
The Buddha's final Nirvana, entered by him at the time of death.

Polar Mountain
In Buddhist cosmology, the universe is composed of worlds upon worlds7 ad infinitum. (Our earth is only a small part of one of these worlds). The Polar Mountain is the central mountain of each world.

Polaris
The North Star, polestar; star of the second magnitude, standing alone and forming the end of the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor; it marks very nearly the position of the north celestial pole.

Prajna
True or transcendental wisdom. Last of the paramitas. One of the highest attainments of Buddhist practice.

Pratyeka Buddha
A solitary Buddha; one who has achieved Awakening through insight into the dependent origination of mind and body. Pratyekabuddhas lead only solitary lives, and they do not teach the Dharma to others nor do they have any desire to do so.

Pretas
Hungry ghosts. who are tormented by continual and unsatisfied cravings. The preta-realm is one of the three states of woe (apaya-bhumi) and one of the six realms of existence.

Priyavacana
Lit., loving or affectionate speech. This beautiful and affectionate speech is one of the Four All-Embracing Virtues and is used to lead sentient beings toward the truth.

Pure Land
Generic term for the realms of the Buddhas. In this text it denotes the Land of Ultimate Bliss or Western Land of Amitabha Buddha. It is not a realm of enjoyment, but rather an ideal place of cultivation, beyond the Triple Realm and samsara, where those who are reborn are no longer subject to retrogression. This is the key distinction between the Western Pure Land and such realms as the Tusita Heaven. There are two conceptions of the Pure Land: as different and apart from the Saha World and as one with and the same as the Saha World. When the mind is pure and undefiled, any land or environment becomes a pure land (Vimalakirti, Avatamsaka Sutras ...). See also "Triple Realm."

Pure Land School
When Mahayana Buddhism spread to China, Pure Land ideas found fertile ground for development. In the fourth century, the movement crystallized with the formation of the Lotus Society, founded by Master Hui Yuan (334-416), the first Pure Land Patriarch. The school was formalized under the Patriarchs T'an Luan (Donran) and Shan Tao (Zendo). Master Shan Tao's teachings, in particular, greatly influenced the development of Japanese Pure Land, associated with Honen Shonin (Jodo school) and his disciple, Shinran Shonin (Jodo Shinshu school) in the 12th and 13th centuries. Jodo Shinshu, or Shin Buddhism, places overwhelming emphasis on the element of faith.

[Pure Land comprises the schools] of East Asia which emphasize aspects of Mahayana Buddhism stressing faith in Amida, meditation on and recitation of his name, and the religious goal of being reborn in his "Pure Land" or "Western Paradise." (Keith Crim.)

Note: An early form of Buddha Recitation can be found in the Nikayas of the Pali Canon:

In the Nikayas, the Buddha ... advised his disciples to think of him and his virtues as if they saw his body before their eyes, whereby they would be enabled to accumulate merit and attain Nirvana or be saved from transmigrating in the evil paths ... (D.T. Suzuki, The Eastern Buddhist, Vol.3, No.4, p.317.)

Pure Land Sutras
See "Three Pure Land Sutras."

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Saddharma-pundarika
See entry under Lotus Sutra.

Saha World
World of Endurance. Refers to this world of ours, filled with suffering and afflictions, yet gladly endured by its inhabitants.

Sakra
God of the sky who fights the demons with his vajra, or thunderbolt.

Sage
A wise and virtuous person, an accomplished one who is second in rank to a saint.

Sala
Or Salavana, the grove of sal(teak) trees near Kusinagara, the place of the Buddha's death.

Samadhi
Deep concentration: the state of one-pointedness of mind characterized by peace and imperturbability. Samadhi is also one of the Paramitas and is indispensable on the path to Bodhi.

Samanarthata
Cooperation with and adaptation to others for the sake of leading them towards the truth. Samanarthata is one of the Four All-Embracing Virtues.

Samantabhadra
Also called Universal Worthy or, in Japanese, Fugen. A major Bodhisattva, who personifies the transcendental practices and vows of the Buddhas (as compared to the Bodhisattva Manjusri, who represents transcendental wisdom). Usually depicted seated on an elephant with six tusks (six paramitas). Best known for his "Ten Great Vows."

Samatha
Quiet, tranquillity, calmness of mind, absence of mind.

Sambhogakaya
See "Three bodies of the Buddha."

Samsara
Cycle of rebirths; realms of Birth and Death.

Sangha
Lit., harmonious community. In the Buddhadharma, Sangha means the order of Bhiksus, Bhiksunis, Sramaneras and Sramanerikas. Another meaning is the Arya Sangha, made up of those individuals, lay or monastic, who have attained one of the four stages of sanctity. Also, the Bodhisattva Sangha.

Sangharama Body
A monastery with its garden or grove, a universal body.

Sanskrit
Learned language of India. Canonical texts of Mahayana Buddhism in its Indian stage were written in Sanskrit.

Sariputra
Major disciple of Shakyamuni Buddha, foremost in wisdom among His Arhat disciples.

Sastra
Commentary; the commentaries constitute one of the three parts of the Buddhist canonical scrptures.

Self-Nature
One's own Original Nature, one's own Buddha Nature.

Self-Power
See "Difficult Path of Practice."

Seven Treasures
Gold, silver, lapis lazuli, crystal, agate, red pearl and carnelian. They represent the seven powers of faith, perseverance, sense of shame, avoidance of wrongdoing, mindfulness, concentration and wisdom.

Siddham
Blessed, endowed with supernatural faculties. This same term refers to the Sankrit alphabet also and is, likewise, transliterated as Hsi-ta in Chinese.

Siddhanta
The four siddhanta. The Buddha taught by (1) mundane of ordinary modes of expression; (2)individual treatment, adapting his teaching to the capacity of his hearers; (3) diagnostic treatment of their moral diseases; and (4) the perfect and highest truth.

Siksamana
A lay-disciple who maintains the eight precepts, either temporarily or as preparation for leaving home.

Sila
Moral precepts. These number 5,8,10,250 or 350. Also, one of the Paramitas.

Six Directions
North, South, East, West, above and below, i.e., all directions. In the Avatamsaka Sutra, they are expanded to include points of the compass in between and are referred to as the Ten Directions.

Six Dusts
See "Dusts."

Six Organs
The six indriyas, or sense organs: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

Six Planes of Existence (Six Paths)
The paths within the realm of Birth and Death. Includes the three Evil Paths (hells, hungry ghosts, animality) and the paths of humans, asuras and celestials. These paths can be understood as states of mind. See also "Evil Paths."

Sixth Patriarch
Hui Neng (638-713), the Sixth Patriarch of the Chinese Zen school and author of the Platform Sutra.

Skandhas
As taught by the Buddha, the skandhas are the components of the human so-called entity that is constantly changing. They are: I. Name/form; 2. Feeling; 3. Conception; 4. Impulse; 5. Consciousness.

Skillful Means
See "Expedient Means."

Small Vehicle
See entry under Hinayana.

Spiritual power
Also called miraculous power. Includes, inter alia, the ability to see all forms (deva eye), to hear all sounds (deva ear), to know the thoughts of others, to be anywhere and do anything at will.

Sramana
Lit., laborer; applied to those who wholeheartedly practice toward enlightenment; root word of the designation for novice monk.

Sramanera
A novice monk holding the 10 precepts.

Sramanerika
A novice nun holding the 10 precepts.

Sravakas
"Lit., 'voice-hearers': those who follow [Theravada] and eventually become arhats as a result of listening to the buddhas and following their teachings" (A. Buzo and T. Prince.) See also "Arhat."

Sudhana (Good Wealth)
The main protagonist in the next-to-last and longest chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra. Seeking Enlightenment, he visited and studied with fifty-three spiritual advisors and became the equal of the Buddhas in one lifetime. Both his first advisor and his last advisor (Samantabhadra) taught him the Pure Land path.

Suddhodana
Pure Rice King, the father of Shakyamuni, ruled over the Sakyans at Kapilavatthu on the Nepalese border.

Sudra
The lowest of the four Hindi Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were peasants, slaves and serfs.

Sumeru
Lit., exalted, excellent; the mythical "world mountain" that rises through the center of a Buddhist universe.

Surangama Sutra
Also called Heroic Gate Sutra.

The "Sutra of the Heroic One" exercised a great influence on the development of Mahayana Buddhism in China [and neighboring countries]. It emphasizes the power of samadhi, through which enlightenment can be attained, and explains the various methods of emptiness meditation through the practice of which everyone ... can realize ... enlightenment ä (Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.)

Sutra
An aphorism; a thread of suggestive words or phrases summarizing religious and philosophical instruction. In buddhism, it refers to a discourse by the Buddha or one of his major disciples. The Sutra collection is one of the three divisions of the Buddhist scriptures.

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Tao
Path or Way. The Sanskrit equivalent to this Chinese term is marga.

Tathagata
Usually translated as "Thus Come One."
He who came as did all Buddhas, who took the absolute way of cause and effect, and attained to perfect wisdom; one of the highest titles of a Buddha (Charles Luk).

Ten Directions
North, South. East, West; N-F, N-W, S-F, S-W, Zenith and Nadir.

Ten Evil Acts (Ten Evil Deeds, Ten Sins)
1. Killing; 2.stealing; 3. sexual misconduct; 4. lying; 5. slander; 6. coarse language; 7. empty chatter; 8. covetousness; 9. angry speech; 10. wrong views. See also "Ten Precepts."

Ten Great Vows
The famous vows of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra in the Avatamsaka Sutra. These vows represent the quintessence of this Sutra and are the basis of all Mahayana practice. Studying the vows and putting them into practice is tantamount to studying the Avatamsaka Sutra and practicing its teachings. See also "Samantabhadra."

Ten Precepts
Include an expanded version of the Five Precepts of body and mouth (not to kill, steal, engage in illicit sex, lie, or take intoxicants) with the addition of the virtues of the mind (elimination of greed, anger and delusion). See also "Five Precepts," "Ten Evil Acts."

Ten Stages of a Bodhisattva's Progress
They are the following: (1) Joy at having overcome former difficulties and at now entering the path to Buddhahood; (2) Freedom from all possible defilement, the stage of purity; (3) The stage of further enlightenment; (4) Glowing wisdom; (5) Mastery of the utmost or final difficulties; (6) The open way of wisdom that is beyond purity and impurity; (7) Proceeding afar, above the concept of "self" in order to save others; (8) Attainment of calm imperturbability; (9) Achievement of the finest discriminatory wisdom; knowing, expediently, where and how to save; possessing the ten powers; (10) Attainment of the fertilizing powers of the Law Cloud.

Ten Virtues
The virtuous modes of behavior, which are the positive counterparts to the Five Precepts.

Theravada
Lit., the School of the Elders; one of the two main forms of Buddhism known in the world today; practiced chiefly in south-east Asia; has the Pali Canon for textual foundation; this tradition advocates the Arahantship.

Third Lifetime
In the first lifetime, the practitioner engages in mundane good deeds which bring ephemeral worldly blessings (wealth, power, authority, etc.) in the second lifetime. Since power tends to corrupt, he is likely to create evil karma, resulting in retribution in the third lifetime. Thus, good deeds in the first lifetime are potential "enemies" of the third lifetime. To ensure that mundane good deeds do not become "enemies the practitioner should dedicate all merits to a transcendental goal, i.e., to become Bodhisattvas or Buddhas or, in Pure Land teaching, to achieve rebirth in the Pure Land -- a Buddha land beyond Birth and Death.

In a mundane context, these three lifetimes can be conceived of as three generations. Thus, the patriarch of a prominent family, through work and luck, amasses great power, fortune and influence (first lifetime). His children are then able to enjoy a leisurely, and, too often, dissipated life (second lifetime). By the generation of the grandchildren, the family's fortune and good reputation have all but disappeared (third lifetime).

Thirty-seven Limbs of Enlightenment
These are: a. the four mindfulnesses; b. the four right efforts; c. the four bases of miraculous powers; d. the five roots; e. the five powers; f. the seven factors of enlightenment; and g. the eightfold noble path (G.C.C. Chang).

Three bodies of the Buddha (Skt. trikaya)
1. Dharmakaya: The Dharma-body, or the "body of reality", which is formless, unchanging, transcendental, and inconceivable. Synonymous with suchness, or emptiness. 2. Sambhogakaya: the "body of enjoyment", the celestial body of the Buddha. Personification of eternal perfection in its ultimate sense. It "resides" in the Pure Land and never manifests itself in the mundane world, but only in the celestial spheres, accompanied by enlightened Bodhisattvas. 3. Nirmanakaya: the "incarnated body" of the Buddha. In order to benefit certain sentient beings, a Buddha incarnates himself into an appropriate visible body, such as that of Sakyamuni Buddha.

The incarnated body of the Buddha should not be confused with a magically produced Buddha. The former is a real, tangible human body which has a definite life span, The latter is an illusory Buddha-form which is produced with miraculous
powers and can be withdrawn with miraculous powers (G.C.C. Chang).

Three Evil Paths
See "Evil Paths."

Three Jewels (Three Precious Ones, Three Treasures)
In Sanskrit, Rathatraya. Buddha, Dharma and Sangha; sometimes referred to as the Teacher, the Teaching and the Taught.

Three Karmas
The three conditions, inheritances or karmas, of which there are several groups, including the karmas of deeds, words and thoughts.

Three Poisons
Craving, aversion and delusion; also, these are termed the three root-stains or the three roots of unskillfulness.

Three Pure Land Sutras
Pure Land Buddhism is based on three basic sutras:

a) Amitabha Sutra (or Shorter Amitabha Sutra, or Smaller Sukhavati-Vyuha, or the Sutra of Amida);
b) Longer Amitabha Sutra (or Longer Sukhavati-Vyuha, or the Teaching of Infinite Life);
c) Meditation Sutra (or the Meditation on the Buddha of Infinite Life, or the Amitayus Dhyana Sutra).

Sometimes the last chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra ("The Practices and Vows of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra") is considered the fourth basic sutra of the Pure Land tradition. Note: in Pure Land, the Longer Amitabha Sutra is considered a shorter form of the Lotus Sutra.

Three Realms (Triple Realm, Three Worlds)
The realms of desire (our world), form (realms of the lesser deities) and formlessness (realms of the higher deities). The Western Pure Land is outside the Triple Realm, beyond samsara and retrogression. See also "Pure Land."

Three Refuges
Taking refuge and possessing confidence in the Buddha's Awakening, in his Teaching and in the Sangha of enlightened disciples.

Three Vehicles
The yanas of Sravakas, Pratyekabuddhas and Bodhisattvas.

T'ien T'ai (Tendai) School
A major school that takes the Lotus Sutra as its principal text. Historically, it has had a close relationship with Pure Land. See also "Lotus Sutra."

Tolerance of Non-Birth
"Tolerance" (insight) that comes from the knowledge that all phenomena are unborn. Sometimes translated as "insight into the non-origination of all existence/non-origination of the dharmas."

A Mahayana Buddhist term for the insight into emptiness, the non-origination or birthlessness of things or beings realized by Bodhisattvas who have attained the eighth Stage [Ground] of the path to Buddhahood. When a Bodhisattva realizes this insight he has attained the stage of non-retrogression. (Ryukoku University.)

The Pure Land School teaches that anyone reborn in the Pure Land attains the Tolerance of Non-Birth and reaches the stage of non-retrogression, never to fall back into samsara. See also "Non-Birth."

Transference of Merit
The concept of merit transference, or sharing one's own merits and virtues with others, is reflected in the following passage:

Some of us may ask whether the effect of [evil] karma can be... [changed] by repeating the name of Kuan-Yin. This question is tied up with that of rebirth in Sukhavati [the Pure Land] and it may be answered by saying that invocation of Kuan-Yin's name forms another cause which will right away offset the previous karma. We know, for example) that if there is a dark, heavy cloud above, the chances are that it will rain. But we al50 know that if a strong wind should blow, the cloud will be carried away somewhere else and we will not feel the rain. Similarly, the addition of one big factor can alter the whole course of karma
It is only by accepting the idea of life as one whole that both Theravadins and Mahayanists can advocate the practice of transference of merit to others. With the case of Kuan-Yin then, by calling on Her name we identify ourselves with Her and as a result of this identification, Her merits flow over to us. These merits which are now ours then counterbalance our bad karma and save us from calamity. The law of cause and effect still stands good. All that has happened is that a powerful and immensely good karma has overshadowed the weaker one. (Lecture on Kuan-Yin by Tech Eng Soon - Penang Buddhist Association, c. 1960. Pamphlet.)

Triloka or Trailoka
See "Threee Realms."

Tripitaka
Lit., three baskets: The earliest Buddhist canonical text consisting of three sections: 1. Buddha's discourses (sutras), 2 Rules of Discipline (Vinaya), 3. Analytical and explanatory texts or commentaries (sastras); usually referred to as the Pali canon.

Triple Jewel
See "Three Treasures."

Two Truths
1) Relative or conventional, everyday truth of the mundane world subject to delusion and dichotomies and 2) the Ultimate Truth, transcending dichotomies, as taught by the Buddhas.

According to Buddhism, there are two kinds of Truth, the Absolute and the Relative. The Absolute Truth (of the Void) manifests "illumination but is always still," and this is absolutely inexplicable. On the other hand, the Relative Truth (of the Unreal) manifests "stillness but is always illuminating," which means that it is immanent in everything. (Hsu Heng Chi/P.H. Wei).

Pure Land thinkers such as the Patriarch Tao Ch'o accepted "the legitimacy of Conventional Truth as an expression of Ultimate Truth and as a vehicle to reach Ultimate Truth. Even though all form is nonform, it is acceptable and necessary to use form within the limits of causality, because its use is an expedient means of saving others out of one's compassion for them and because, even for the unenlightened, the use of form can lead to the revelation of form as nonform" (David Chappell). Thus to reach Buddhahood, which is formless, the cultivator can practice the Pure Land method based on form.

Tzung
A term originally used to mean "sect", but later appropriated by the intuitional school known as Ch'an (Japanese, Zen) for use in special contexts.

U
A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N
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Unconditioned (Transcendental)
Anything "without outflows," i.e., free of the three marks of greed, anger and delusion. See also "Conditioned."

Upasaka/Upasika
Buddhist lay disciple (man/woman), who formally received five precepts or rules of conduct.

V
A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N
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Vaidehi
The Queen of King Bimbisara of Magadha, India. It was in response to her entreaties that Buddha Shakyamuni preached the Meditation Sutra, which teaches a series of sixteen visualizations (of Amitabha Buddha, the Pure Land ...) leading to rebirth. in the Land of Ultimate Bliss.

Vaidurya
A precious substance, perhaps lapis lazuli or beryl.

Vairocana
The main Buddha in the Avatamsaka Sutra. Represents the Dharma Body of Buddha Shakyaniuni and all Buddhas. His Pure Land is the Flower Store World, i.e., the entire cosmos.

Vaisravana
One of the four maharaja-deva graudians of the first or lowest devaloka on its four sides. Vaisravana guards the north.

Vaisya
The third of the four Hindi Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were merchant, entrepreneurs, traders, farmers, manufacturers, etc., but not well-educated.

Varuna
God of the sea and of the waters; guardian of the western quarter of the compass.

Veda
True or sacred knowledge or lore; name of celebrated works which constitute the basis of the first period of the Hindu religion.

Vimalakirti Sutra
Also called Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. A key Mahayana sutra particularly popular with Zen and to a lesser extent Pure Land followers. The main protagonist is a layman named Vimalakirti who is the equal of many Bodhisattvas in wisdom, eloquence, etc. He explained the teaching of Emptiness in terms of non-duality ... "The true nature of things is beyond the limiting concepts imposed by words." Thus, when asked by Manjusri to define the non-dual Truth, Vimalakirti simply remained silent.

Vinaya
Disciplined conduct, referring specifically to the monastic rules for the disciples who have left home; also, one of the three divisions of the Buddhist scriptures.

Vipasyana
Discernment; also, insight, correct perception or view.

Virtue
See "Merit and Virtue."

Virya: Energy
The energy necessary to maintain and progress in spiritual development. Also, one of the Paramitas.

Visualization
See Meditation Sutra for explanation.

The visualizations [in the Meditation Sutra] are distinguished into sixteen kinds [shifting from earthly scenes to Pure Land scenes at the third Visualization]: (1) visualization of the sun, (2) visualization of water, (3) visualization of the ground [in the Pure Land], (4) visualization of the trees, (5) visualization of the lake[s], (6) unified visualization of the [50 billion] storied-pavilions, trees, lakes, and so forth, (7) visualization of the [lotus throne of Amitabha Buddha], (8) visualization of the images of the Buddha [Amitabha] and Bodhisattvas [Avalokitesvara and Mahasthamaprapta], (9) visualization of the [Reward body of Amitabha Buddha, i.e., the form in which He appears in the Pure Land], (10) visualization of Avalokitesvara, (11) visualization of Mahasthamaprapta, (12) visualization of one's own rebirth, (13) [see below], (14) visualization of the rebirth of the highest grades, (15) visualization of the rebirth of the middle grades and (16) visualization of the rebirth of the lowest grades. (K.K. Tanaka, The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Doctrine.)

The 13th Visualization has been summarized as follows:

If one cannot visualize the [Reward body of Amitabha Buddha], focus on the small body, which is sixteen cubits high (the traditional height of Shakyamuni while he dwelt on earth); contemplate an intermingling of the [Reward] and small bodies. (1oji Okazaki, p.52.)

Visualizations 14-16 refer to the nine lotus grades (of rebirth), divided into three sets of three grades each.

W
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Way (Path, Tao)
The path leading to Supreme Enlightenment, to Buddhahood.

Wisdom-life
The life of a Buddha or Bodhisattva, which is sustained by wisdom, just as the life of an ordinary being is sustained by food.

X
A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N
O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/

Y
A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N
O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/

Yama
In the Vedas, the god of the dead.

Yana
Sankrit term, commonly translated as vehicle; means spiritual vehicle, path or career.

Yasodhara
The wife of Siddhartha Goutama. Later became a nun.

Yogacara School.
Another name for the Mind-Only school, founded in the fourth century by the brothers Asanga and Vasubandhu.

Z
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Zen.
A major school of Mahayana Buddhism, with several branches. One of its most popular techniques is meditation on koans, which leads to the generation of the Great Doubt. According to this method:

The master gives the student a koan to think about, resolve, and then report back on to the master. Concentration intensifies as the student first tries to solve the koan intellectually. This initial effort proves impossible, however, for a koan cannot be solved rationally. Indeed, it is a kind of spoof on the human intellect. Concentration and irrationality -- these two elements constitute the characteristic psychic situation that engulfs the student wrestling with a koan. As this persistent effort to concentrate intellectually becomes unbearable, anxiety sets in. The entirety of one's consciousness and psychic life is now filled with one thought. The exertion of the search is like wrestling with a deadly enemy or trying to make one's way through a ring of flames. Such assaults on the fortress of human reason inevitably give rise to a distrust of all rational perception. This gnawing doubt [Great Doubt], combined with a futile search for a way out, creates a state of extreme and intense yearning for deliverance. The state may persist for days, weeks or even years; eventually the tension has to break. (Dumoulin, Zen Buddhism, Vol. I, p.253.)

An interesting koan is the koan of Buddha Recitation. Unlike other koans, it works in two ways. First of all, if a cultivator succeeds in his meditation through this koan, he can achieve awakening as with other koans. However, if he does not succeed, and experience shows that many cultivators do not, then the meditation on the Buddha's narne helps him to achieve rebirth in the Pure Land. This is so provided he believes (as most practitioners in Asia do) in Amitabha and the expedient Pure Land. Thus, the Buddha Recitation koan provides a safety net, and demonstrates the underlying unity of Zen and Pure Land.

Korean English Dictionary of Buddhism

조계종 관련 용어 영문표기법

대한불교 조계종이 종단명칭과 종무기구를 비롯한 불교용어의 영문표기법을 확정했다.(→ 오른쪽이 바뀐 표기법)

조계종 Korean Buddhist Chogey Order → The Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism

(참)선 Seon(zen) →Seon meditation

스님 Monk → Monk / Buddhist Monk

선사 Seon Master

방장(스님) Spiritual Patriarch

주지스님 Chief → Abbot

행자 Novice → Apprentice

중생 Sentient being

예불(의식) Buddhist Service → Buddhist Ceremonial Service

오계 The Five Precepts

삼귀의 Tree Refuges → The Tree Refuges

사홍서원 The Four Great Vows

발우공양 Buddhist Meal with Traditional Bowls

포교당 Buddhist Center → Dharma Instruction Center/ Buddhist Center

- 가 -

교무: catechist
교무스님: catechist
교수 아사리: ordination catechist
가사(袈裟) robe
간경(看經) textual study.

간화선(看話禪) Koan meditation.
갈마 아사리: confessor, procedual specialist
강백: lecturer
강원(講院) lecture hall
객실(客室) guest room

(객진)번뇌(客塵煩惱) defilement
거사(居士) male devotee
겁(劫) aeon, kalpa
결가부좌(結跏趺坐) lotus posture
결제: retreat

결집(結集) council
경(經) sutra. Buddhist scriptures. Buddhist canon.
경장(經藏) sutra pitaka
계(戒) precept, sila
계(界) realm. world

계단: ordination platform
고(苦) suffering
고승(高僧) A illustrious monk
고제(苦諦) The noble truth of suffering
고행(苦行) ascetic practice

공(空) emptiness
공덕(功德) merit
공안(公案) koan/ kongan
공양(供養) offering
공양의식: offering ceremony

과거칠불(過去七佛) seven Buddhas of the past
과보(果報)/업보 karmic result
관세음보살(觀世音菩薩) Avalokitesvara, Bodhisattva of compassion
관음전(觀音殿) hall of the Bodhisattva of compassion
교(敎) The doctrinal teaching

교리(敎理) doctrine
교종(敎宗) The doctrinal School
구경각(究竟覺) final awakening
구산(九山) nine mountains
국보(國寶) national treasure

국사(國師) national preceptor. national master.
극락(極樂) pure land of Amitabha
극락전(極樂殿) Amitabha hall
금강경(金剛經) Diamond sutra
금당(金堂) Buddha Hall

금동(金銅) gilt-bronze
깨달음 Awakening The Enlightenment

- 나 -

나찰(羅刹) evil ghost
나한(羅漢) Arahat, Attained One
나한전(羅漢殿) Hall of the Arahat
논(論) canon, Abhidharma
논장(論藏) canon pitaka Abhidharma pitaka

농감스님: farmer monk

- 다 -

도감 provost
다도(茶道) tea ceremony.
다포: multiple brackets
다라니(陀羅尼) dharani
단경(壇經) The platform sutra

단주(短珠) beads/ rosary
단청(丹靑) cosmic design/ Red and blue
달마대사(達磨大師) Bodhidharma.
닫집 canopy.
당간(幢竿) A flag pole

당간지주(幢竿支柱) flag pole supporter
대세지보살(大勢至菩薩) Bodhisattva of power/ Mahastamparapta
대승불교(大乘佛敎) The great vehicle, Mahayana Buddhism
대웅전(大雄殿) dharma hall. Buddha hall
대장경(大藏經) tripitaka

대중울력: group work
덕(德) virtue
도(道) The way. leading to the cessation of suffering
독성(獨聖) hermit sage/recluse
독성각(獨聖閣) hall of the hermit sage

돈법(頓法) The doctrine of sudden awakening
돈오(頓悟) sudden awakening
돈오돈수(頓悟頓修) sudden awakening-sudden cultivation
돈오점수(頓悟漸修) sudden awakening-gradual cultivation
동안거(冬安居) winter retreat season.

등(燈) lantern

- 마 -

만다라(蔓茶羅) mandala.
만자(卍字) The Swastika (the symbol of good fortune)
마지 rice offering to the Buddha
망상(妄想) delusions
멸(滅) cessation

명등스님: lamplighter
명부전(冥府殿) hall of judgement of the dead
명색(名色) name and formation
목어(木魚) wooden fish
목탁(木鐸) Moktak/ wooden clacker. hallow wood block.

무명(無明) ignorance
무상(無常) impermanent
무색계(無色界) formless world
무심(無心) no-mind
무아(無我) no-self

묵언(默言) holy silence, no speaking
문수보살(文殊菩薩) Manjusuri, Bodhisattva of Wisdom
문자(文字) words
미륵(彌勒) Maitreya. The Buddha of the future.
밀교(密敎) Esoteric Buddhism, Vajrayana.

- 바 -

바라밀(婆羅蜜) perfection, paramita
바랑 Barang/backpack.
반가부좌(半跏趺坐) half lotus posture
반야(般若) wisdom
반야심경(般若心經) The Heart Sutra.

발기: commentator
발우(鉢盂) wooden bowls.
발우공양(鉢盂供養) formal meal.
방부: formal introduction
방생(放生) release of living beings/ animal-outing

방장(方丈) zen master
방장스님: Son Master
방편: skillful means
백장청규: Pure Rules of Pai-Chang
번뇌(煩惱) defilements.

법(法) Dharma
법고(法鼓) temple drum, dharma drum
법구(法具) Dharma instrument.
법당(法堂) Buddha hall, Dharma hall
법당: shrine hall

법랍: seniority
법랍순서: seniority order
법랍이 가장 오래된 승려: seniormost monk
법맥(法脈) Dharma lineage
법명(法名) Dharma name

법문(法門) Dharma talk
법성(法性) Buddha's nature. nature of beings
법신(法身) dharma body. nature of Buddha's mind. truth.
법호: Dharma-protector
법화경(法華經) Lotus Sutra

벽화(壁畵) wall painting
별채: separate compound
보리(菩提) Enlightenment
보리수(菩提樹) bodhi tree
보리심(菩提心) the thought of Enlightenment

보살(菩薩) bodhisattva
보살계: Bodhisattva-precepts
보시(布施) generosity/ charity/ giving
보신(報身) reward body
보현보살(普賢菩薩) bodhisattva of compassion

본사(本寺) head temple.
본성(本性) one's original nature
부도(浮屠): stupa/pagoda
분별(分別) discrimination
분신 self-imolation

불(佛) Buddha. The Enlightened One.
불공(佛供) offering
불교교단(佛敎敎團) sangha.
불교의식(佛敎儀式) Buddhist ritual
불교종단(佛敎宗團) Buddhist Order

불교학(佛敎學) Buddhist Studies. study of Buddhism
불기(佛紀) Buddhist Era(B.E.)
불보사찰: Buddha-jewel monastery
불상(佛像) Buddha statue/ Buddha image
불성(佛性) Buddha nature

불이문(不二門) Gate of non-duality.
불전함(佛錢函) donation box
불제자(佛弟子) disciples of the Buddha
불탄일(佛誕日) Buddha's birthday.
비구(比丘) monk. Bhikku

비구계 수계식: full ordination
비구니(比丘尼) nun. Bhikkuni.
비로자나불(毘盧　那佛) Viroccana. the cosmic Buddha
비석(碑石) stela/ memorial stone
비유(比喩) parables.

- 사 -

사(寺) temple. monastery
사구(死句) dead phrase
사경(寫經) copying Sutra
사리(舍利) relics/ ashes
사리불(舍利佛) Sariputra

사리탑(舍利塔) relics stupa
사무량심(四無量心) The four immeasurables.
1)loving-kindness
2)compassion
3)sympathetic joy
4)equanimity.
사미(沙彌) novice
사미계: novice precepts
사미승: prospective ordinand

사미율의: the Sramanera Rules and Decorum
사성제(四聖諦) The Four Noble Truth
1) suffering,
2) cause of suffering,
3) cessation,
4) the path of cessation
사천왕: four heavenly kings/supernal Dharma-protector
사천왕문(四天王門) gate of the four Heavenly Kings (Four Guardians)
사판승: monk on the support staff of the monastery/ support monk

사홍서원(四弘誓願) Four Great Vows
1) I vow to save all beings.
2) I vow to end all sufferings.
3) I vow to learn all dharma teachings.
4) I vow to attain Enlightenment.
산신각(山神閣) mountain spirit shrine
삼귀의(三歸依) The Three Refuges.
1) I take refuge in the Buddha
2) I take refuge in the Dharma
3) I take refuge in the Sangha.
삼계(三界) three realms.
1) realm of desire
2) realm of form
3) realm of formlessness
삼독(三毒) three poisons.
1) greed, craving
2) hatred, anger
3) delusion, ignorance

삼배(三拜) three prostrations.
삼보(三寶) three jewels.
1) Buddha
2) Dharma
3) Sangha
삼보사찰(三寶寺刹) the three jewel monasteries.
1) The Buddha jewel monastery: Tongdosa.
2) The Dharma jewel monastery: Haeinsa.
3) The Sangha jewel monastery: Songgwangsa.
삼법인(三法印) Three Dharma Seals/ The Three Marks(Attributes/ Characteristics) of Existence.
1) impermanence. 2) suffering 3) no-self.
삼세(三世) three time period,
1) past
2) present
3) future.

삼장(三藏) three pitaka.
1) vinaya
2) sutra
3) Abhidharma.
삼직: three duties
삼악도(三惡道) three evil worlds(realms, destinies)
1) hell
2) hungry ghost
3) animal
상(相) characteristic
색(色) formation

생(生) birth
생로병사(生老病死) birth, old age, sickness and death.
석가모니(釋迦牟尼) Sakyamuni.
서방정토(西方淨土) The Western Pure Land.
석굴(石窟) stone cave.

석등(石燈) stone lantern.
석불(石佛) stone Buddha statue.
선(禪) Zen
선가(禪家) The Zen school.
선덕: meditative virtue

선문답(禪門答) Zen dialogue.
선방(禪房) Zen hall. Meditation hall.
선불교(禪佛敎) Zen Buddhism.
선사(禪師) Zen master.
선사제: commemorative service for the previous meditation master of the monastery

선승: Zen monk
선열당: meal room/ reflectory
선원 meditation compound
선원(禪院) Zen center, meditation hall.
설법전(說法殿) teaching hall.

성불(成佛)하세요! May you be Enlightened!
성지순례(聖地巡禮) the pilgrimage.
세간(世間) world
소승불교(小乘佛敎) Theravada Buddhism
수(受) feeling

수계(受戒) ordination.
수인(手印) mudra.
수행(修行) practice. cultivation.
스님(僧) monk. venerable.
승가(僧家) Sangha.

시왕(十王) Ten Kings.
시왕전(十王殿) The Ten Kings Hall.
시자 acolyte
식(識) consciousness.
신구의(身口意) body, speech, mind.

신도(信徒) lay people.
신도: lay supporter
신심(信心) The faith.
심(心) mind.
십선(十善) The ten wholesome actions.
1) No killing.
2) No stealing.
3) No adultery.
4) No lying.
5) No slandering.
6) No hash speaking.
7) No idle talking.
8) No greed.
9) No hatred.
10) No delusion.

십우도(十牛圖) The Ten Ox-herding painting
12연기(緣起) Dependent Origination.
18계(界) The Eighteen Realms.

- 아 -

아귀(餓鬼) hungry ghost.
아미타불(阿彌陀佛) Amitabha.
아수라(阿修羅) Asura. fighting god.
아승지겁(阿僧紙劫) countless aeon.
안거(安居) retreat.

암자(庵子) Hermitage.
암자: hermitage
약사불(藥師佛) The Medicine Buddha.
업(業) Karma. action
여래(如來) Tathagata. The Buddha.

연기설(緣起說) The theory of dependent origination.
연등(蓮燈) lotus lantern.
연비: burning of the arm
연지 finger burning
열반(涅槃) Nirvana

염불(念佛) chanting. reciting.
염주(念珠) prayer beads. Buddhist rosary.
예불(禮佛) A Buddhist service. Buddhist ceremony.
예불: daily service
오계(五戒) The Five Precepts.
1) No killing.
2) No stealing.
3) No sexual misconduct.
4) No lie.
5) No intoxicants.

오대(五大) The five elements.
1) earth,
2) water,
3) fire,
4)wind,
5)air.
오도송(悟道頌) Enlightenment poem.
오온(五蘊) The five aggregates.
1) name and formation.
2) feeling.
3) perception.
4) action.
5) consciousness.
와불(臥佛) Reclining Buddha.
왕생(往生) transmigration. reborn.

요사(療舍) Monk's living quarters.
요사채: dormitory
요령 handbell.
욕(慾) desire. thirst.
욕계(欲界) the world of desire.

욕불식: Bathing the baby Buddha ceremony
용(龍) a dragon.
용왕(龍王) The Dragon King.
운판(雲版) cloud shaped gong.
운수행각: pilgrimage

원(願) 원력(願力) aspiration. power of vow.
원주스님: proctor
유나: rector
유식(唯識) consciousness only.
육도(六道) The six realms.
1) hell beings
2) hungry ghost
3) animals
4) fighting spirits-asuras
5). human beings
6) heavenly beings

육도윤회(六道輪廻) The six samsaric destinies.
육바라밀(六婆羅蜜) six perfections.
(generosity. morality. patience. energy. meditation. wisdom)
윤회(輪廻) samsara. cycle of rebirth.
율(律) vinaya. orders.
율사(律師) vinaya master.

율장(律藏) vinaya pitaka.
은사: vocation master
응진각(應眞閣) hall of the Arahat.
"이 뭣고?" What is it? Who am I ?
이기심(利己心) selfish thoughts.

인(因) cause. reason.
인가(認可) recognition.
인과(因果) cause and effect.
인연(因緣) karmic affinity/ causes and conditions
인욕(忍辱) patience.

일심(一心) One Mind.
일여(一如) non-duality.
일주문(一柱門) one pillar gate/ single beam gate
입승 succentor

- 자 -

자리이타(自利利他) by benefitting oneself, one benefits others.
자비(慈悲) compassion.
자성(自性) self nature.
자성청정(自性淸淨) the original purity of one's self nature.
장경각(藏經閣) the monastery library.

장군죽비: huge warning stick
장로(長老) Elder.
장삼(長衫) ceremonial robe. formal robe.
장엄(莊嚴) solemnity. sublimity.
장자불와: never lying down to sleep

재무: treasurer
적멸보궁(寂滅寶宮) Temple that keeps Buddha's reliquary.
전각: shrine hall
전계 아사리: preceptor
(전)등록: lamp anthologies (Chen-lu)

전법(傳法) transmission.
전생설화(前生說話) The Jataka tales
절 bow. prostration.
정(定) samadhi. concentration.
정견(正見) right understanding/ view

정념(正念) right mindfulness.
정명(正命) right livelihood.
정사(正思) right thought.
정어(正語) right speech.
정업(正業) right action.

정정(正定) right concentration.
정정진(正精進) right effort.
제석(帝釋) the king of the Heaven.
조계종(曹溪宗) Chogye Order.
조사(祖師) patriarch.

조사당(祖師堂) the hall of patriarchs.
조실: guiding teacher
종각(鐘閣) bell tower
종고루: Bell and drum tower
종무소(宗務所) temple office.

종무소: office
종정(宗正) supreme patriarch.
좌복 cushion. seat.
좌선(坐禪) sitting meditation.
주지(主旨) abbot.

죽비(竹　) Chukbi/ bamboo clapper.
중강: assistant
중도(中道) middle path.
중음(中陰) intermediate stage/ state.
증사: witness

지옥(地獄) hell.
지장보살(地藏菩薩) Ksitigarbha, Earth Store Bodhisattva.
지장전(地藏殿) Ksitigarbha hall. Hall of the hell.
지전 스님: verger
지혜(智慧) wisdom.

직세 스님: proctor
집착(執着) attachment.

- 차 -

찰나(刹那) an instant.
참선(參禪) Zen meditation
천상천하 유아독존: In heaven and on earth, I alone am foremost.
천태종(天台宗) T'ient'ai sect.
청신남(淸信男) a male Buddhist.

청신녀(淸信女) a female Buddhist.
청중 disciplinarian
초발심자경문: Admonitions to Beginners
촉(觸) touch. contact.
촛대: candle holder

총림(叢林) monastic teaching center.
총무: prior
총무원(總務院) Headquarters of the Order.
축원: supplication
축원을 하다: chant a supplication
recite a (special) prayer

출가(出家) renunciation.
취(取) grasp.
치(恥) ignorance/ delusion
치문경훈: the Adminitions to the Gray-robed Monks
칠보(七寶) the seven precious gems.

칠성각(七星閣) shrine hall of the Seven stars(Big Dipper)

- 타 -

탐(貪) greed.
탑(塔) stupa. pagoda.
탱화(幀畵) Buddhist wall painting.

- 파 -

파계(破戒) breaking the precepts.
팔고(八苦) eight sufferings.
(Suffering of birth, old age, sickness, death,
being apart with the loved ones, together with the despised ones,
not getting what want, flourishing of the body.)
팔상도(八相圖) pictures of the eight main events of the Buddha's life.
팔만대장경(八萬大藏經) Tipitaka Koreana.
팔상전(八相殿) hall of eight pictures

팔정도(八正道) Noble Eightfold Path.
(right view, right thought, right speech, right action,
right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration.)
포교(布敎) preaching, propagation.
포교당(布敎堂) Buddhist center/ missionary center
포살(布薩) confession
피안(彼岸) nirvana/ other shore

풍경(風磬) wind bell.
풍수지리(風水地理) geomancy.

- 하 -

하심(下心) humble minded.
하안거(夏安居) summer retreat season.
합장(合掌) palms together
항하(恒河) the Ganges river in India.
해우소: toilet

해인도: ocean-seal chart
해제 기간: free season
해탈문(解脫門) gate of the Liberation
행(行) karma. action.
행자(行者) postulant

행정승: office monks
행주좌와(行住坐臥) walking, standing, sitting, lying.
향로(香爐) incense burner.
향로: incense holder
헌향(獻香) offering an incense.

현교(顯敎) Exoteric Buddhism
혜안(慧眼) the eye of wisdom.
호국불교(護國佛敎) Buddhism for national protection.
호법장군: dharma-general
화(化) transformation.

화두: critical phrase
화신(化身) transformed body.
화엄경(華嚴經) Flower Garland Sutra.
환속(還俗) returning to lay life. secession from the order
환속하다: secede from the order

후불탱화(後佛幀畵) main platform painting.
후원: reflectory

- 불교방송에서 -

가사(袈裟) monastic robe
간경(看經) textual study.
간화선(看話禪) Koan meditation.
강원(講院) lecture hall
객실(客室) guest room
객진번뇌(客塵煩惱) defilement
거사(居士) male devotee
겁(劫) An aeon
결가부좌(結跏趺坐) lotus posture
결집(結集) council
경(經) sutra. Buddhist scriptures. Buddhist canon.
경장(經藏) sutra pitaka
경행(輕行) walking meditation
계(械) precepts, sila, good conduct
계(界) realm. world
고(苦) suffering
고승(高僧) A illustrious monk
고제(苦諦) The noble truth of suffering
고행(苦行) ascetic practice
공(空) emptiness
공덕(功德) merit
공부(工夫) cultivation practice
공안(公案) koan
공양(供養) offering
과거칠불(過去七佛) seven Buddhas of the past
과보(果報) karmic result
관(觀) insight.
관법(觀法) vipassana.
관세음보살(觀世音菩薩) Avalokitesvara, Bodhisattva of compassion
관음전(觀音殿) hall of the Bodhisattva of compassion
관행(觀行) contemplation of the mind
광명(光明) light and illumination
괘불(掛佛) large banner painting
교(敎) The doctrinal teaching
교리(敎理) doctrine
교종(敎宗) The doctrinal School
구경각(究竟覺) final awakening
구산(九山) nine mountains
국보(國寶) national treasure
국사(國師) national preceptor. national master.
극락(極樂) pure land of Amitabha
극락전(極樂殿) Amitabha hall
금강경(金剛經) Diamond sutra
금당(金堂) Buddha Hall
금동(金銅) gilt-bronze
깨달음 Awakening The Enlightenment

- 나 -
나찰(羅刹) evil ghost
나한(羅漢) Arahat, Attained One
나한전(羅漢殿) Hall of the Arahat
논(論) canon, Abhidharma
논장(論藏) canon pitaka Abhidharma pitaka

- 다 -
다도(茶道) tea ceremony.
다라니(陀羅尼) dharani
단견(斷見) annihilation view
단경(壇經) The platform sutra
단주(短珠) short beads.
단청(丹靑) cosmic design, Red and blue
달마대사(達磨大師) Bodhidharma.
닫집 canopy.
당간(幢竿) A flag pole
당간지주(幢竿支柱) flag pole supporter
대세지보살(大勢至菩薩) Bodhisattva of power
대승불교(大乘佛敎) The great vehicle, Mahayana Buddhism
대웅전(大雄殿) dharma hall. Buddha hall
대장경(大藏經) tripitaka
덕(德) virtue
도(道) The way. leading to the cessation of suffering
독성(獨聖) hermit sage
독성각(獨聖閣) hall of the hermit sage
돈교(頓敎) The sudden teachings
돈법(頓法) The doctrine of sudden awakening
돈오(頓悟) sudden awakening
돈오돈수(頓悟頓修) sudden awakening-sudden cultivation
돈오점수(頓悟漸修) sudden awakening-gradual cultivation
동안거(冬安居) winter retreat season.
등(燈) lantern

- 마 -
만다라(蔓茶羅) mandala.
만자(卍字) The Swastika (the symbol of good fortune)
마지 rice offering to the Buddha
망상(妄想) delusions
멸(滅) cessation
명부전(冥府殿) hall of judgement of the dead
명색(名色) name and formation
목어(木魚) wooden fish
목탁(木鐸) wooden clacker. hallow wood block.
무(無) no. not. not exist.
무념(無念) non-thought
무명(無明) ignorance
무상(無常) impermanent
무색계(無色界) formless world
무심(無心) no-mind
무아(無我) no-self
묵언(默言) holy silence, no speaking
문수보살(文殊菩薩) Manjusuri, Bodhisattva of Wisdom
문자(文字) words
미륵(彌勒) Maitreya. The Buddha of the future.
밀교(密敎) Esoteric Buddhism, Vajrayana.

- 바 -
바라문 Brahman
바라밀(婆羅蜜) perfection, paramita
바랑 Monks's backpack.
반가부좌(半跏趺坐) half lotus posture
반야(般若) wisdom
반야심경(般若心經) The Heart Sutra.
발우(鉢盂) wooden bowls.
발우공양(鉢盂供養) formal monastic meal.
방생(放生) release of living beings
방장(方丈) zen master
번뇌(煩惱) illusion, defilements.
법(法) dharma, The Buddha's teaching
법구(法具) dharma instrument.
법고(法鼓) temple drum, dharma drum
법당(法堂) Buddha hall, Dharma hall
법명(法名) dharma name
법문(法門) dharma talk
법맥(法脈) dharma lineage
법성(法性) Buddha's nature. nature of beings
법신(法身) dharma body. nature of Buddha's mind. truth.
법화경(法華經) lotus sutra
벽화(壁畵) wall painting
보리(菩提) Enlightenment
보리수(菩提樹) bodhi tree
보리심(菩提心) the thought of Enlightenment
보살(菩薩) bodhisattva
보시(布施) generosity
보신(報身) reward body
보현보살(普賢菩薩) bodhisattva of compassion
본사(本寺) head temple.
본성(本性) one's original nature
부도(浮屠) stupa. pagoda.
분별(分別) discrimination
불(佛) Buddha. The Enlightened One.
불기(佛紀) Buddhist year.
불공(佛供) offering
불교(佛敎) Buddhism
불교교단(佛敎敎團) sangha.
불교미술(佛敎美術) Buddhist painting.
불교종단(佛敎宗團) Buddhist Orders.
불교의식(佛敎儀式) Buddhist rituals.
불교학(佛敎學) Buddhist Studies. study of Buddhism
불상(佛像) Buddha statue
불성(佛性) Buddha nature
불전함(佛錢函) donation box
불제자(佛弟子) disciples of the Buddha
불이문(不二門) Gate of non-duality.
불탄일(佛誕日) Buddha's birthday.
비구(比丘) monk. Bhikku
비구니(比丘尼) Bhikkuni. nun
비로자나불(毘盧　那佛) Viroccana. the cosmic Buddha
비석(碑石) stela
비유(比喩) parables.

- 사 -
사(寺) temple. monastery
사구(死句) dead phrase
사경(寫經) Sutra duplication.
사리(舍利) relics
사리불(舍利佛) Sariputra
사리탑(舍利塔) relics stupa
사무량심(四無量心) The four immeasurables.
1)loving-kindness 2)compassion 3)sympathetic joy 4)equanimity.
사문(沙門) Sramana
사미(沙彌) novice
사부대중(四部大衆) the four-fold assembly.
사성제(四聖諦) The Four Noble Truth
1) suffering, 2) cause of suffering, 3) cessation, 4) the path of cessation
사천왕문(四天王門) gate of the four Heavenly Kings (Four Guardians)
사홍서원(四弘誓願) Four vows
1) I vow to save all beings.
2) I vow to end all sufferings.
3) I vow to learn all dharma teachings.
4) I vow to attain the Enlightenment.
산신각(山神閣) mountain spirit shrine
삼귀의(三歸依) The Three Refuges.
1) I take refuge in the Buddha
2) I take refuge in the Dharma
3) I take refuge in the Sangha.
삼계(三界) three realms.
1) desire world 2) subtle world 3) formless world
삼독(三毒) three poisons. 1) greed 2) hatred 3) delusion.
삼배(三拜) three prostrations.
삼보(三寶) three jewels. 1) Buddha 2) Dharma 3) Sangha
삼보사찰(三寶寺刹) the three jewel monasteries.
1) The Buddha jewel monastery: Tongdosa.
2) The Dharma jewel monastery: Haeinsa.
3) The Sangha jewel monastery: Songgwangsa.
삼법인(三法印) The Three Marks of Existence.
1) impermanence. 2) suffering 3) no-self.
삼세(三世) three time period, 1) past 2) present 3) future.
삼장(三藏) three pitaka. 1) vinaya 2) sutra 3) Abhidharma.
삼악도(三惡道) three evil worlds. 1) hell 2) hungry ghost 3) animal
상(相) characteristic
색(色) formation
생(生) birth
생로병사(生老病死) birth, old age, sickness and death.
생사(生死) birth and death.
석가모니(釋迦牟尼) Sakyamuni.
서방정토(西方淨土) The Pure Land.
석굴(石窟) stone cave.
석등(石燈) stone lantern.
석불(石佛) stone Buddha statue.
선(禪) Zen.
선가(禪家) The Zen school.
선문답(禪門答) Zen dialogue.
선방(禪房) Zen hall. Meditation hall.
선불교(禪佛敎) Zen Buddhism.
선사(禪師) Zen master.
선원(禪院) Zen center, meditation hall.
설법전(說法殿) teaching hall.
성불(成佛)하세요! May you be Enlightened!
성지순례(聖地巡禮) the pilgrimage.
세간(世間) world
소승불교(小乘佛敎) Theravada.
수(受) perception.
수계(受戒) ordination.
수인(手印) mudra.
수행(修行) practice. cultivation.
스님(僧) monk. venerable.
승가(僧家) Sangha.
승속(僧俗) monastic and householders.
시왕(十王) Ten Kings.
시왕전(十王殿) The Ten Kings Hall.
식(識) consciousness.
신구의(身口意) body, speech, mind.
신도(信徒) lay people.
신심(信心) The faith.
심(心) mind.
십선(十善) The ten wholesome actions.
No killing. No stealing. No adultery. No lying. No slandering.
No hash speaking. No idle talking. No greed. No hatred. No illusion.
십우도(十牛圖) The Ten Ox-herding.
12연기(緣起) Dependent Origination.
18계(界) The Eighteen Realms.

- 아 -
아귀(餓鬼) hungry ghost.
아미타불(阿彌陀佛) Amitabha.
아수라(阿修羅) Asura. fighting god.
아승지겁(阿僧紙劫) countless aeon.
안거(安居) retreat.
암자(庵子) Hermitage.
애(愛) desire.
약사불(藥師佛) The Medicine Buddha.
업(業) Karma. Behavior.
여래(如來) Tathagata. The Buddha.
연기설(緣起說) The theory of dependent origination.
연등(蓮燈) lotus lantern.
열반(涅槃) Nirvana (extinction)
염불(念佛) chanting. reciting.
염주(念珠) prayer beads. Buddhist rosary.
예불(禮佛) A Buddhist service. Buddhist ceremony.
오계(五戒) The Five Precepts.
No killing. No stealing. No sexual misconduct. No lie. No intoxicants.
오대(五大) The five elements. earth, water, fire, wind, air.
오도송(悟道頌) Enlightenment poem.
오온(五蘊) The five aggregates.
1) name and formation. 2) feeling.
3) perception. 4) action. 5) consciousness.
와불(臥佛) Reclining Buddha.
왕생(往生) transmigration. reborn.
요사(療舍) Monk's living quarters.
요령 Buddhist handbell.
욕(慾) desire. thirst.
욕계(欲界) the world of desire.
용(龍) a dragon.
용왕(龍王) The Dragon King.
우상(偶像) idol.
운판(雲版) cloud shaped gong.
원(願) 원력(願力) aspiration. vow.
유식(唯識) consciousness only.
유부(有部) Sarvastivada school.
유정(有情) sentient beings.
육도(六道) The six realms.
1) hell beings 2) hungry ghost 3) animals
4) fighting spirits-asuras 5). human beings 6) heavenly beings
육도윤회(六道輪廻) The six samsaric destinies.
육바라밀(六婆羅蜜) six perfections.
(generosity. moral. patience. energy. meditation. wisdom)
윤회(輪廻) samsara. rebirth.
율(律) vinaya. orders.
율사(律師) vinaya master.
율장(律藏) vinaya pitaka.
응진각(應眞閣) hall of the Arahat.
"이 뭤고?" What is it? Who am I ?
이기심(利己心) selfish thoughts.
인(因) cause. reason.
인가(認可) recognition.
인과(因果) cause and effect.
인연(因緣) karmic affinity.
인욕(忍辱) patience.
일심(一心) One Mind.
일여(一如) non-duality.
일주문(一柱門) one pillar gate.
입산(入山) to become a monastic.

- 자 -
자리이타(自利利他) by benefitting oneself, one benefits others.
자비(慈悲) compassion.
자성(自性) self nature.
자성청정(自性淸淨) the original purity of one's self nature.
장경각(藏經閣) the monastery library.
장로(長老) Elder.
장삼(長衫) ceremonial robe. formal robe.
장엄(莊嚴) solemnity. sublimity.
적멸보궁(寂滅寶宮) Buddha reliquary.
전법(傳法) transmission.
전생설화(前生說話) The Jataka tales.
절 bow. prostration.
정(定) samadhi. concentration.
정견(正見) right understanding.
정념(正念) right mindfulness.
정명(正命) right livelihood.
정사(正思) right thought.
정어(正語) right speech.
정업(正業) right action.
정정(正定) right concentration.
정정진(正精進) right effort.
제석(帝釋) the king of the Heaven.
조계종(曹溪宗) Chogye Order.
조사(祖師) patriarch.
조사당(祖師堂) the hall of patriarchs.
종각(鐘閣) bell tower
종무소(宗務所) temple office.
종정(宗正) supreme patriarch.
좌복 cushion. seat.
좌선(坐禪) sitting meditation.
주지(主旨) abbot.
죽비(竹　) bamboo clapper.
중도(中道) middle path.
중음(中陰) time in between. intermediate stage.
지옥(地獄) hell.
지장보살(地藏菩薩) Ksitigarbha, Earth Store Bodhisattva.
지장전(地藏殿) Ksitigarbha hall. Hall of the hell.
지혜(智慧) wisdom.
집착(執着) attachment.

- 차 -
찰나(刹那) an instant.
참선(參禪) meditation
천태종(天台宗) T'ient'ai sect.
청신녀(淸信女) a female Buddhist.
청신남(淸信男) a male Buddhist.
촉(觸) touch. contact.
총무원(總務院) Headquarters of the Order.
총림(叢林) monastic teaching center.
출가(出家) renunciation.
취(取) grasp.
치(恥) ignorance.
칠보(七寶) the seven precious gems.
칠성각(七星閣) shrine hall of the Seven stars(Big Dipper)

- 타 -
탐(貪) greed.
탑(塔) stupa. pagoda.
탑돌이 circumambulation.
태몽(胎夢) birth dream.
탱화(幀畵) Buddhist wall painting.

- 파 -
파계(破戒) breaking the precepts.
팔고(八苦) eight sufferings.
(Suffering of birth, old age, sickness, death,
being apart with the loved ones, together with the despised ones,
not getting what want, flourishing of the body.)
팔상(八相) depictions of the eight main events of the Buddha's life.
팔상도(八相圖) scenes from the Buddha's life.
팔만대장경(八萬大藏經) Tipitaka Koreana.
팔상전(八相殿) hall of eight depictions.
팔정도(八正道) Noble Eightfold Path.
(right view, right thought, right speech, right action,
right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration.)
포교(布敎) preaching, propagation.
포교당(布敎堂) Buddhist center.
포살(布薩) confession
피안(彼岸) nirvana.
풍경(風磬) wind bell.
풍수지리(風水地理) geomancy.

- 하 -
하안거(夏安居) summer retreat season.
하심(下心) humble minded.
합장(合掌) palm.
항하(恒河) the Ganges river in India.
호국불교(護國佛敎) Buddhism for national protection.
해탈문(解脫門) gate of the Enlightenment.
행(行) karma. action.
행자(行者) novice.
행주좌와(行住坐臥) walking, standing, sitting, lying.
향로(香爐) incense burner.
헌향(獻香) offering an incense.
혜안(慧眼) the eye of wisdom.
화(化) transformation.
화신(化身) transformed body.
화두(話頭) koan.
화엄경(華嚴經) Flower Garland Sutra.
환속(還俗) returning to lay life.
후불탱화(後佛幀畵) main platform painting.

총림 : (s)Vana. Training monasteries. Four big monasteries in Korea that provide comprehensive training for monks. The four monasteries are : T'ongdosa, Haeinsa, Songgwongsa, and Sudoksa
선사 : Zen master
비구스님 : monk, venerable, reverend, sunim
비구니스님 : Buddhist nuns
비구.비구니계 : The Bhikhu/Bhikkhuni precepts
강사스님 : lecturer, Head lecturer, Sutra teacher
강주 : dean
은사스님 : Vocation master, teacher
상좌/제자 : disciple
소좌/납자 : Zen practitioners
사형 : spiritual brother(elder)
사제 : spiritual brother(younger)
성직자 : priesthood
속인 : laypeople
거사 : laymen
보살 : laywomen
보살계 : The Bodhisattva precepts
불자 : Buddhist
행자 : trainees/postulants/Prospective ordinaned/A novice
사미 : novices
사미. 사미계 : The Sami/Samini precepts/Rules for novices
종정 : Supreme master/head/spiritual leader
방장스님 : Zen Master. Chief of the precincts. (This title is reserved for the Zen Masters of the four main training monasteries
율사 : Vinaya Master/Discipline teacher/precept Master
조실 : Official title of the resident Zen Master
주지 : Chief Monk. Abbot. Monastic who holds executive control over the support positions of the monastery.
총무 : a Sunim who is in charge of general affairs.
교무 : Catechist/a sunim who is in charge of education
재무 : a sunim who is in charge of financial affairs
총무원장 : President of order headquarters.
NAMES OF BUILDINGS
일주문 : one pillar gate, one span gate
사천왕문 : The Four heavenly kings. four Grardins gate
불이문 : Non-duality gate
대웅전 : main hall, dharma hall. main dharma hall. main buddha hall. main sanctuary
법당 :main Dharma hall
관음전 : Avalokitesvara hal, a boddhisattva known for compassion
지장전/명부전 : Ksitigarbha hall, a boddhisattva of the deceased
약사전 : healing Buddha hall
미륵전 : maitreya hall, future Buddha
극락전 : Amita Buddha hall
나한전/웅진전 : arhat's hall
설법전 : Teaching hall -where people gather to hear a lecture
산신각 : shrine for mountain god
삼성각 : shrine for three stars
독성각 : shrine for lonely saint, independant
칠성각 : shrine for the seven stars
선방 : meditation hall
종구 : bell tower
공양간/후원 : dining place or kitchen
오사채 : living quarters
종무소 : offic, Temple office
종무소직원 : clerk
종각 : Bell Tower(Hall)
보물장 : Temple Museum
장경각 : Hall for storing Sutras, For keeping Sutras.
시자실 : attendant's room
해우소 : toilet, ladies & gents
경내 : courtyard

Things

불상 : statue
목불 : wooden statue
석불 : stone statue
벽화/탱화 : wall painting, Buddhist painting behind th Buddha statue
A buddhist scroll painting. A Buddhist religious painting
탑 : pagoda, stupa
석등 : stone lanterns
Things in Temple
복전함/불전함 : donation box/offering box
단청 : literal meaning is red and blue picture of many colors and designs painted on canopy in temples
온돌 : typical Korean style of underfloor heating
기와 : roof tile
풍경 : windbell
Instruments
목탁 : wooden percussion instrument used for chanting and worship mokt'ak.
wooden bell-for keeping the rhythm when chanting.
사물 : The Four instruments
종 : bell, 북 : drum, 운판 : cloud-shaped gong, 목어 : wooden-fish
요령 : handbell
죽비 : Bamboo stick or clapper - dounded three times at the beginning and end of the meditation session
염주 : Beads-worn around the wrist and often used for recitation in order to keep concentration. Buddhist rosary. Buddhist beads-108 or to 1000 used for counting bows

Things to eat
육식을 안한다 : refrain from meat
채식하다 : eat vegetables only
공양 : meal, offerings, Meal in a monastery
발우공양 : sunims's taking formal and ceremonial meal
대중공양 : Festival meal
아침공양 : breakfast
점심공양 : lunch
저녁공양 : dinner
마지(올리다) : to offer rice to the Buddha
Things to wear
승복 : Buddhist robes
가사 : ceremonial garment worn over robes
장삼 : formal monastic robes
고무신 : rubber shoes
걸망 : rucksack/knapsack
누비옷 : quilted clothes

Names of Sutra

경전 : sutra/scripture/canon
대승경전 : The Mahayana Canon
화엄경 : Avtamsaka sutra/Flower Ornament(garland)sutra.
법화경 : Saddharmapundarika Sutra/Lotus sutra
열반경 : Nirvana sutra
능엄경 : Surangama sutra
능가경 : lankavatara sutra
원각경 : The sutra of perfect Enlightenment
사십이장경 : Forty-two sutra
반야경 : Prajnaparamitta sutra/Perfection of Wisdom sutra
금강경 : Vajracchedika sutra/Diamond sutra
반야심경 : Hridaya sutra/Heart sutra
어록 : record of sayings
유마경 : Vimalakirti
삼장 : 1)The Tripitaka, The three collections of Buddhist sutras, the Bu7ddhist Texts, are divided into three collections;
2)The three collections of Buddhist sutras: the Sutras(경),Vunaya(율), and Abhidharma(논) collections
대장경 : Great Scripture Store, Tuipitika.

Names of Bodhisattva

지장보살 : Chijang Bodhisattva is the one who delays his becoming a buddha until enlightenment for the people who suffer in the world.
Earth store Bodhisattva. Ksitigarbha
관음보살 : Kwanum Bodhisattva is the one who is full of compassion and mercy. Avalokitesvara.
He/She listens to the sound of people and comforts the people
약사보살 : Yaksa is a healing Bodhisattva who heals and cures the sickness of people.
The Medicine Buddha. Bhaisajyaguru
대세지보살 : Bodhisattva of power. Bodhisattva shown to the right of Amitabha Buddha. Represents wisdom. Mahasthamaprapta
보현보살 : symbolized by the elephant. Samantabhadra. Bodhisattava of Compassionate Action.
아미타불 :(s)Amitabha-buddha. Buddha of the Western Paradise.
The Buddha of the Light.
Buddhism Ceremony
성도일 : Buddha's Enlightenment Day, in Korea held on the 8th day of the 12th lunar month
초파일 : Buddha's birthday
부처님오신날 : the day Buddha came
사십구제 : Forth-ninth day Ceremony ; the memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death

苦: Duhka, bittcrncss 豆? ; unhappiness. suffering, pain, distrcss, miscry; diffcidulty. Thcre are lists of three four, five eight, and tcn catcgorics; the two are intcrnal, i.e. physical and mcntal and external, i.c. attacks from without. The four are birth, growing old illness and death, The eight are these four along with the pain of parting from the loved of meeting with the hated, of failure in one's aims, and that caused by the fine skand has; cf 四諦
苦苦: Duhkha-duhkhata. The pain or painialncss of pain; pain prouduced by miscry or pain; suffering arising from external circumstances, c.g. faminc, storm, sickness forture, etc.
苦行: Duskara-carya, undergoing diffculties, hardships, or sufferings; also Tapas, burning torment; hence asceticism rclisious austerity, martifotion.
三昧: Ekagra, aikagrya, Undeflected concontraltion, meditation - on, one object, V 一行三昧
一乘: Ekayana, One yana, the One yana the vhicle of one-ncss. 一佛乘 The one Buddha - Yana. The One vehiclc, i.e. Mahayana, which contains the final or complete law of the Buddha and not merely a part, or preliminary stage, as in Hinayana Mohayuanists claim it as the perfect and only way to the shore of parinirvana it is especially the doctrine of the 法華經   Lotus Scripture v. 大乘. 11之珠 The pearl of the one, Yana, i.c. The Lotus Scripture. 11圓宗The Tientai, or Lotus School of the perfect teaching, or the one vehide; V. 天台宗.11家. The one-vehide family or sect especially the Tien-tai or Lotus School. 11法(門) The one-vehicle method as revealed in the Lotus Sutra. 究貫敎The One vehicle in its final teaching, especially as found in the Lotus sutra. 11經; 11妙典(or 文) Another name for the Lotus sutra so called because it deelares the one way of salvation the perfact Mahayana. 11菩提 The one-vehicle enlighten ment or 11華嚴 Avatamsaka Schod; v. 五敎
一切: Sarva. All, the whole; 普遍, 具
一切如來: Sarvatathagata, all Tathafatas, all the Buddhas.
一切處: Samanta, Everywhere, universal; a universal dhyana, 無不相應眞言
       The shinon or "True word" that responds everywhere.
一心: With the whole mind or heart; one mind or heart; also the bhutatathata, or the whole of thins; the universe as one mind or a spiritual unity, 稱名 With undivided mind to call on the name. 三惑; 同? 三惑 The then-t'a "three doubts" in the mind of a bodhisattva, proudcing fear of illusion, confusion through multipicity of duties, and ignorance i.e.. 見思; 無明 q.v. 三智 One mind and three aspects of knowledge the 別敎separates the three aspects into and g.v; Tient'ai unifies them into 空, 假one immediate vision or regards the three as aspects of the one mind.
一時: Ekasmin samaye [Pali;ckamsamayam];on one accasion, part of the usual opening phrase
of a sutra-Thus have I heard .Once, ctc. A period, e.g.a session of expounding a sutra. 入定: To enter meditation by tranguil lizing the bady, mouth, and mind.身口意
入寂: To enter into rest,or nirvana;also,to die, Also 入滅 or 入寂滅
八正道(分): Aryamarga, The eight right or correct ways the "eightfold noble path for the arhat to nirvana; also styled. 八道船, 八正門, 八由行, 八遊行, 八聖道支, 八道行, 八直行, 八直道, The eight are : (1)正見 samyag-arsti, correct views in regard to the Four Axioms and frecdom from the common delusion, (2)正思 samyak-samkal pa, eorrect thought and purpose (3)正言 samyag-vac, correct speach avoidance of false and idle talk
(4)正業 samyak-karmanta, correct dead, or conduct, getting rid of all improper action so as to dwell in purity (5)正命 Samyag ajiva, correct livelihood or occupation, avoiding the five immoral occupations (6)正精進 Samyag-vjajama correct zeal or energy in uninterrupted progreee in the way of nirvana (7)正念 Samyak, smrti, correct remcm brance, or memory, which retains the true and excludes the false (8)正定 Samyak-samadhi, correct meditation, abscortion, or anbstraction.
十二因緣: Dvadasang pratityasamutpada; the twelve nadanas; v, 尼 and 因 also; 十二緣起; (有)支; 率連; 棘園; 輪; 重?; 因緣觀; 支佛觀
They are the twelve links in the chain of existence; (1)無 vidya, ignorance, or unenlightment (2)行 Samskara action, activirty concotion, "dispositions, keith, (3)識 vijnana, consiousness (4)名色 namarupa name and form (5)六入 i.e. eye ear nose tonguc body, and mind (6)觸 sparsa, contect touch (7)受 vedana, scnsation feeling (8)愛 trsna thirst desire, craving (9)取 upadana laying hold of grasing (10)有 bhava baing existing (11)生 jati birth (12)老死 jaramarana dd age death.
十信: The ten grades of bodhisattva faith, i.e. the first ten in the fifty two bodhisattva postions: (1)信 faith (2)念 remembrance, or unforgetfulness (3)精進 zealous progress (4)慧 wisdom (5)定 settled firm nessin concentration (6)不退 non-retrogression (7)護法 protection of the Truth
(8)廻向reflexive powers, e.g. for reflecting the Trugh
(9)戒 the nirvana mind in
(10)願 action at will in anything and everywhere.
十號: Ten titles of a Buddha: 如來 Tathag ata; 應供 Arhat 正?知 Samyak-sambuddha
明行足 Vidyacorana-sampanna 善逝 sugata, 世間解Lokavid, 無上士Anuttara
調御丈夫Purusa-damya-sarathi, 天人師Sasta deva manusyanam
佛世尊 lokamatha, or bhagalon
三味: The three flavours or pleasant savours; the monastic life, reading the scriptures meditation
三寶: Triratna, or Patnatraya, i.e. the Three precious Ones :佛 Buddha 法Dharma 僧Samgha
三毒: The theree poisons also styled 三根; 三株 they are 貧concupiscence or wrong desire, 瞋anger hatc or resentment and 痴stupidity gnorance, unintclligence or unwillingness to accept Buddha-truth
三衣: The three regulation harments of a monk 袈裟 kasaya, 僧伽製, samhati assenably robe; uttarasanga, upper garment worn over the 安陀會Antarvasaka, vest or shirt
大乘四果: The four fruits or bodhisattva stages in Mahayana the fouth being that of a Buddha: 須陀洹 srota-apnna 사다함 sakrdagamin 阿那含 anagamin and 阿羅漢arhan. This is a 通敎 category.
大僧戒: The commands or prohibitions for bodhhisatvas and monks also styled.
大導師: The great vuide, i.e. Buddha or a Bodhisattva.
大悲: Mahakaruna "great pity" i.e. greatly pitiful a heart that seeks to save the suffering; applied to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas, especially to kuan-yin.
大慈: Great mercy, or compassion.
大比丘: Great bhinkyu, i.e. one of virtue and old age; similar to 大和尙
大沙門: The great shaman, i.e. Buddha; also any bhilcsu in full orders.
大法: The great Dharma, or Law.
大弟子: sthavira, a chief disciple, the Fathers of the Buddhist church; an elder; an abbot; a priest licensed to preach and become an abbot; also.
大衆: The great assembly, any assembly, all present, everybody.
大覺: The superme bodhi, or enlightenment and the enlightening power of a Buddha.
女色: Female beacuty-is chain, a serious delusion a gievous calamity
山僧: "Hill monk" self-deprecatory term used by monks.
不妄語: Musavada-veramani,, the fourth commandmenmt thou shalt not lie ; no false speaking
不?慾: Abrahamacarya-veramani, the third commandment, thou shalt not commit adultery
不放勉: No slackness or loosensess; concentration of mind and will on the good.
不殺生: Pranatipatad vairamani, the first commandment,
Thou shalt not kill the living.
中道: The "mean" has various interpretions in general it denotes the mean betweeen taio extremes, and has special reference to the mean between realism and nihilism or eternal subgtantial existence ald annihilation between the two, suggesting the idea of a realm of mind or spirit beyond the terminobgy of 有 or 無 substance or noting or that which has form and is there are measurable and ponderable,.
方便; Upaya, Convenient to the place or situation, suited to the condition opportune, appropriate; but is interpreted as 方法 methood mode, I am, and 便 as 便用convenient for use, i.e. a convenient or expedient mathod; also 方正as 便 and as 巧妙which implies strategically correary.
世世生生; Transmigration affter traansmigration in the six states of mortal existence
世俗; Laukika; common or ordinary things custom, expcriences, common or wondly ways.
世尊; Lokajyestha, words most venerable, or Lokantra, lord of worlds.
世界; Loka世間 ; the finite world the world, a world, which is of two kinds;
出家; Pravraj; to leave hoime and bewcome a monk or nun.
布施; Dana 檀那; the sixth paramita almsgiving i.e. of goods, or the doctrine, with resultant benefits now and also hereafter in the forms of reinearnation, as neglect or refusal in the fo will produce the opposite consequences.
末法; The last of the three periods 正, 像, and 末; that of degeneration and extinction of the Buddha-law
生佛; Buddha alive; a living Buddha; also 生 i.e. 衆生 all the living and 佛 i.e. Buddha
因果; Cause and effect every cause has its effect as every effect arises from a cause.
因緣; Hetupratyaya, cause; causes; 因 hetu, is primay cause 緣 pratayaya, secondary cause or causes, e.g. a seed is 因 rain dew, farmer, etc, are 緣
色慾; Sexual desire, or passion
色身; Rupa-kava. The physial body, as controsted with the 法身 dharma-kaya, the immaterial spiritual or immortal body.
佛子; Son of Buddha; a bodhisattva; a believer in Buddhism for every beliver is becoming Buddha; a term also applied to all beings, becuase all are of Buddha-nature.
佛性; Buddhata, The Buddha-nature i.e. gnosis enlightenment; potential bodhi remaing in every gati, i.e. all have the capacity for enlightenment; for the Buddha-nature remains in all as wheat nature remains in all wheat.
佛敎; Buddhas teaching; Buddhism.
佛法; Buddhadharma; the Dharma or Laq preached by the Buddha the principles unerlving these teaching the truth attained by him.
佛眼; The eye of Buddha, the enlightened one who sees all and is omniscient
佛語; The words, or seyings, of Buddha.
佛身; Buddhakaya, a general term for the Trikaya or threefold embodiment of Buddha.
佛陀; There are numberous monks from India and Central Asia bearing this as part of their names
成佛; To become Buddha as a bodhisattva does on reaching super me perfect bodhi
我想; The thought that the ago has reality.
我慢; Abhimana, as ma-mada.
我相; Egoism the concept of the ego as real
戒; Sila, 新羅, precept command prohobition discipline rule; morelity
戒律; Sila and Vinaya. The rules
法輪; Dharma-cakra, the wheel of the Law Buddha-truth which is able to crush all evil and all apposition like lndras wheel and which rolls on from man to man place to place age to age.
法雨; The rain of Buddha-truth which fertilizes all beings.
修行; Carya, conduct to abserve and do to mend one's ways; to cultivate oneself in right practice; be religious or pious.
般若; Prajna "to know, understand" "Wisdom" M.W Intp 慧 wisdom;智慧 understanding or wisdom; 明 clear intelligent the sixth paramita.
敎化; To transform by instruction; teach and convert; to cause another to give alms.
敎理; The foundamental principles of a religion its doctrines or dogmas, e.g. the four trughs the twelve nidanas the eight tob noble path.
欲心; A desirous, covetous, passionate or lusful heart.
欲樂; The joy of the five desires
惡口; Evil month, evil speech; a slanderous, evil-speaking person.
惡業; Evil conduct in thought word or deed which leads to evil recompense; evil Karma.
菩提; Bodhi ; from budh; knowledge understanding perfect wisdom; the illuminated or enlightened mind; anciently intp.
愛惑; The illusion of love, or desire
愛憎; Love and hate, desire and dislike
愛欲; Love and desire; love of family
業; Karman, karma :action work deed: "moral duty" "product, result, effect" M.W The doctrine of the act; deads especially in their relation to succeeding forms of transmigration.
業報; Karma-reward; the retribution of karma, good or evil.
頓悟; Sudden Illumination
無念; No Thinking
不生不滅; No birth and No Death
如如; Suddness
큰 法堂; The Big Main Hall
解脫門: The Gate of Nirvana
掛佛; The Hanging-up painting of the Buddha The palanduin
大佛像; Wooden Buddhas I mage
大雄殿; Main sanctuary. TaeungJon
大雄殿佛像; Statue of vairocana Buddha Buddha I mage in the Main Hall
觀; Vipasyanaj Vidarsana.
To look into study examine contemt ate; contemplation, insight; a study a Taoist monactery to consider illusion and discern illusion or discern the seeming from the real; to contemplate and mentally enter into truth.
觀世音; Regards of the worlds sounds or cries the so-called Goddess of Mercy; also known as 音,
釋迦牟尼; Sakyamuni, the saint of the sakya tribe Muni is saint holy man, sage ascetic, monk; it is intp.
釋迦; Sakya the clean or family of the Buddha, said to be derived from saka. vegetables but intp in chiness as powerful, strong and explained by powerful also erroneously by charitable which belongs rather to association with sakyamuni.
禪靜; Dhyana and its chiness translation duieting of thought or its control or suppression silent meditation Dhyama and Samadhi.
覺性; The enlightened mind free from all illusion.
覺者; An enlightened one especially a Buddha, enlightening self and others
禪房; Meditation abode a room for meditation a cell a bermitage general name for a momastery.
禪師; A master or teacher of meditation or of the chian school
禪悅; Joy of the mystic trance
禪; To level a place for an atter to sacrifice to the hills and fountains to abdicate.
應供; Worthy of worship atr of the term anhat; one of the ten titles of a Tathagata.
諸法; Sarvadharma; Sarvabhava; all things; every dgarna law, thing method, etc
僧俗; Monks and the laity
緣起; Arising from conditional causation; everthing arises from conditions and not being spontaneous and self-contained has no separate and independent nature;
僧伽; Sangha, an assemble, collection
company, society. The corporate assembly of at least three monks under a chairman empowered to hear confession, grant absolution and ordain
解脫門; The door of release the stage of meditation charater ized by vacuity and absence of perception or wishes.
煩惱; Klesa "pain affliction distress" " care, trouble"
塔; Stupa; tope;
a tumulus or mound for the bones or remains of the dead or for other sacred relics, especially of the Buddha, whether relics of the body or the mind, e.g. bones or scriptures.
菩提; Bodhi; from budh; knowledge, understanding; perfect wisdom; the illuminated or enlightemed mind; anciently intp
敎理; The fundermental principles of a religionits doctrines or dogmas e,g. the four trughs the tweles nidanas the eight fold noble path
梵鐘; A temple or monaster bell.
十大弟子; The ten chief disciples of Sakyamuni, each of whom was master of one poser or gift.
三處傳心; The three places where Sakyamuni is said to have transmitted his mind or thought direct and without speech to Kasyapa
大乘起信論; Mahayana-sraddhotpada-sastra, attributed to Asvaghosa 마명(without sufficient evidence), tr. by Paramartha A.D. 553 and Siksananda between 695-700 ; there are nineteen commentaries on it. It is described as the foundation work of the Mahayana. Tr. into Enghlish by Timothy Richard and more correctly by T. Suzuki as The Awakening of Faith.
布施; dana. charity or giving, including the bestowing of the truth on others
持戒; sila, keeping the commandments
忍辱; ksanti, patience under insult
精進; virya, seal and progress
禪定; dhyana, meditation or contemplation
智慧; prajana, wisdom, the power to discern reality or truth.
It is the last which carries across the samsara(sea of incarnate life) to the shores of nirvana. The opposites of these virtues are meanness, wickedness, anger, sloth, a distracted mind, and ignorance, the 唯識論 adds four other paramitas.
識; perceptions: the theory of nine kinds of non-actvity
三輪; or three soverrign powers for converyiong others are those of
極樂; birth in the happy land of Amitabha by transformation through the Lotus.
法身; the dharmakaya, or spiritual body, born or formed on a disciple's conversion.
佛菩薩; the transformation of a buddha or bodhisattva, in any form at will, without gestation or intermediary conditions
Buddha-body. A narrower interpretation is his appearance in human form expressed by 應身, while 化身 is used for his manifold other forms of appearances.
十戒Siksapada. The ten prohivitions(in Pali form)consist of five commanaments for the layman;
(1) not to destroy life 不殺生 panatipataveramani;
(2) not to steal 不偸盜adinnadanaver;
(3) not to commit adultery 不?慾 abrahmacaryaver;
(4) not to lie 不妄語 musavadaver;
(5) not to take intoxicating liquor 不飮酒suramereyyamajjapamadatthanaver. eight special commandment for laymen consist of the preceding five plus;
(6) not eat food out of regulated hours 不非時食 vikala-bhojanaver;
(7)not to use farlands of perfume 不着香華?不香塗身 malagandha-vilepana-dharana-mandana-vibhusanatthana
(8) not to sleep on high or broad beds(chastity) 不坐臥高廣大牀 uccasayana-mahasayana. The ten commnadments for the monk are the preceding eight plus;
(9) not to take part in singing, dancing, musical or theatrical perfcrmances, not to see or listen to sucb 不歌舞倡技不往觀聽 nacca-gita-vadita-visukadassanaver.
(10) to refrain from acquiring uncoined or coined gold, or silver, or jewels 不得捉錢金銀寶物 jataruparajata-patiggahanaver. Under the Mahayana these ten commands for the monk were changed, to accord with the new environment of the monk to the following : not to kill, not to steal, to avoid all unchastity, not to lie, not to slander, not to insult, not to chatter, not to covet, not to give way to anger, to harbour no scepticism.
修行; accordant
方便; universal accordance with conditions of the receptivity of others
說法; powers of universal explication of the truth
神通; universal superhuman powers
供養諸佛; power of universal service of all Buddhas
成就衆生; the perfection of all beings universally
斷惑; universal cutting off of delusions
十牛圖; The ten ox-pictures, the first, a man looking for an ox, then sceing its tracs, then seeing the ox, catching it feeding it, riding it home, ox dies man lives, both dead, return whence they came, and enter the dust.
十智; The ten forms of understanding. I Hinayana (1)世俗智 common understading (2) 法enlightened understanding, i.e. on the Four truths in this life ; (3)類 ditto, applied to the two upper reaims 上二界; (4),(5),(6)(7) understanding re each of the Four Truths separately, both in the upper and lower realms, e.g.苦智 : (8)他心 understanding of the minds of others (9)盡 the understanding that puts an end to all previous faith in or for self, i.e. 自信智; (10)無生 nirvana wisdom; v 26
Mahayana. A Tathagata's ten powers of understanding or wisdom (1)三世 perfect understanding of past, present, and future (2) ditto of Buddha Law (3)法界無碍 unimpeded understaing of the whole Buddha-realm (4)法界無邊 unlimited or infinite ditto (5)充滿一切 of ubiquity (6)普照一切世間 of universal enlightenment (7)住持一切世界 of omnipotence or universal control (8)知一切衆生 of omniscience re all living beings (9)知一切法 of moniscience re the laws of universal salvation (10)知無邊諸佛 of omniscience re all Buddha wisdom v. 華嚴經 16. There are also his ten forms of understanding of the "five Seas" 五海 of worlds, living beings karma nassions and Buddhas.
十惡 Dasakusala. Thje ten "not right" or evil things are killing. stealing. stealing. adultery. lying double-tongue, coarse language, filthy language, covetousness, anger, perveted views ; these produce the ten resultant evils 業(道). Cf. 十善 ; 十戒
十行; The ten necessary activities in the fifty-two stages of a bodhisattva. following on the 十信 and 十主 ; the two latter indicate personal development 自利 These ten lines of action are for the universal welfare of thers. 利他; They are joyful service; beneficial service never resenting with cut limit; never out of order ; appearing in any form at will unimpeded ; exalting the paramitas amongst all beings perfecting the Buddha-law by complete virtur ; manifesting in all things the pure, final, true reality. Superior order, grade or class. 上生 ; 中生 ; 下生 The three highest of the nine stages of birth in the Pure Land, v. 中, 下 and 九品. 蓮臺 The highest stages in the Pure Land where the best appear as ; otus flowers on the pool of the seven precious things; when the lotuses open they are transformed into beings of the Pure Land.
三世; The three periods, 過去, 現在, 未來 or 過, 現, 未, past present, and future. The universe is described as eternally in motion, like a flowing stream, Also 未生, 已生,     後滅, or 未, 現, 過unborn, born, dead. The 華嚴經 Huna-yen sutra has a division of ten kinds of past, present, and future, i.e. the past spoken of as past, present, and future also, with the addition of the present as the three periods in one instant. 三際. 三千佛 Also The thousand Buddhas of each of the three kalpas-of the past, called 莊嚴 kalpa the present 賢, and the future 星宿. Their names are variously fiven in several sutras a complete list is in the 三千佛名經. 不可得 Everything past. present, future, whether mental or material, is intangible, fleeting and cannot be held; v. 心. 了遠 A Buddha's pertect knowledge of past present and future. 佛 The Buddhas of the past present and future, i.e. Kasyapa, Sakyamuni, and Maitreya. 假實 The reality or otherwise of things or events past. present amd future. Some hinayana schools admit the reality of the present but dispute the reality of the past 已有 and the future 營有. Others take different views. all of which have been exhaustively discussed. See Vibhasa sastra 婆沙論 77, or 俱舍論 20. 實有法體恒有 The Sarvastivadah school maintains that as the three states (past present future) are real so the substance of all things is permanent; i.e. time is real. matter is eternal. 心 Mind. or thought, past, present or future, is momentary always moving unreal and cannot be laid hold of. 成佛 idem. 三生. 智 One of a Tathagata's ten kinds of wisdom. i.e. knowledge of past, present, and future. 無障 ?智戒 The wisdom-law or moral law that frees from all impediments. past, present, and future. Also styled 三昧耶戒; 自性本源戒; 三平等戒; 菩提心戒; 無爲戒 and 眞法戒. 覺母 A name for Manjusri 文殊; as guardian of the wisdom of Vairocana he is the bodhi-mother of all Buddhas past, present, and future. 間 There are two difinitions : (1) The realms of 器 matter, of 衆生 life and 智正覺 mind especially the Buddha's mind (2) The 五陰 psychological realm(mind) 衆生 realm of life and 國土or 器 material realm.
三乘; Triyana, the theree vehicles or conveyances which carry living beings across samsara or mortality (births-and-deaths) to the shores of nirvana. The three are styled 小, 中 and 大 Some-times the three vehicles are defined as 聲聞 Sravaka, that of the hearer or obedient disciple ; 緣覺 Pratyeka-buddha that of the enlightened for self; these are described as 小乘 because the objective of both is personal salvation; the third is 菩薩 Bodhisattva, or 大乘 Mahayana, because the objective is the salvation of all the living. the three are also depicted as 三車 three wains. drawn by a goat a deer an ox. The Lotus declares that the three are really the One Buddha-behicle. which has been revealed in three expedient forms suited to his disciples capacity, the Lotus Sutra being the unifying complete and final exposition. The three vehicles are differently explained by different exponents e.g.
三劫; The theree asankyjeya kalpas the three countleas aeons, the period of a bodhisattva's development; also the 莊嚴, past the present 賢, and the future 星宿 kalpas. There are other groups. 三千佛 The thousand Buddhas in each of the three kalpas.
三昧; The three flavours, or pleasant savours, The monastic life, reading the scriptures, meditation.
三天; The trimurti-Siva. Visnu, and Brahma. 使 v. 三使. 四仙 v. 二天三仙 and 鳩摩羅Kuveradeva and 若提子 Nirgrantha son of jnatr, i.e. pf tje Jnatr clan.
三學; The "three studies' or yehicles of learning-discipline, meditation, wisdom ; (a) 戒learning by the commandments or prohibitions so as to guard against the evil consequences of error by mouth. body or mind i.e. word, deed or thought (b)定 by dhyana or quietist meditations (c)慧 by philosophy, i.e. study of principles and solving of doubts. Also the Tripitaka ; the 戒 being referred to the 律 vinaya, the 定 to the 經sutras, and the 慧 to the 論 sastras.
三寶; Triratna or Patnatraya, i.e. the Three Precious Ones; 佛 Buddha, 法 Dharma. 僧Sangha, i.e. Buddha, the Law, the Ecclesia or order.
三師七證; The three superior monks and a minimum of seven witnesses required for an ordination to full orders; except in outlandish places, when two witnesses are valid.
三界; The three sets of commandments, i.e. the ten for the ordained who have left home the eight for the devout at home and the five for the ordinary laity.
布施; Dana 檀那; The sixth paramita, almsgiving, i.e. of go or the doctrine, with resultant benefits now and als hereafter in the forms of reinearnation, as neglect o refusal will produce the opposite consequences.
本性; The spirit one possesses by nature; hence the Buddha-nature; the buddha-nature withing ; one's own nature.
末寺; Subsidiary buildings of a monastery.
末世; The Third and last period of Buddha-kalpa; the first is the first 500 years of correct doctrine, the second is the 1,000 years of semblance law, or approximation to the doctine, and the third a myriad years of itts decline and end.
本質; Original substance the substance itself; any real object of the senses.
定命; Samyagajiva, the fiffth of the 八正道, right livelihood, right life : 'asstaining from any of the fobidden modes of living."
正定; Samyaksamadhi. right astractions or concentration so that the mind become vacant and recepttive the eighth of the 八正道: “right concentration, in the shape of the Four Meditations." Keith.
正?智; Samyaksambuddha 三?三佛陀; omniscience, completely enlightened the universal knowledge of a buddha. hence he is the 海 ocean of omniscience. Also 覺; 等正覺
正念; Samyaksmrti, right remembrance the seventh of the 八正道; “right mindfulness the looking on the body and the spirit in such a way as to remain ordent. self-possessed and minidful having overcome both hankering and dejection "Keith.
正思惟; Samyaksamkalpa, right thought and intent, the second of the 八正道; “right aspiration towards renunciation. benevolence and kindness. "keith.
正業; Samyakkarmanta. righ action purity of body avoiding all wrong, the fourth of the 八正道; “right action, abstaining from taking life, or what is not fiven or from carnal indulgence. "keith.
正精進Samyagvyayama. right effort, zeal or progress. unitermitting perseverance, the sixth of the 八正道; “right effort to suppress the sising of evil states to eradicate those which have arisen to stimulate good states and to perfect those which have come into being. " Keith.
正覺; Sambodhi, the wisdom or omniscience of a Buddha.
正見; Samyagdrsti, right view, understading the four noble truths; the first of the 八正道: “knowledge of the four noble truths. "keith.
正語; Samyagvak, right speech; the third of the 八正道; “abstaining from lying, slander, abuse, and idle talk. "Keith.
正等覺; Samyagvuddhi, or-bbodhi ; the perfect universal wisdom of a buddha.
生住異滅Birth stay change(or decay) death.
生老病死; Birth, age, sickness, death, the 四苦 four afflictions that are the lot of every man. The five are the above four and 苦 misery, or suffering.
行住坐臥; Walking, standing, sitting, lying-in every state
行者; An abbot's attendant ; also acarin, performing the duties of disciple.
佛像; Buddha's image or pratima. There is a statement that in the fifth century A. D the images in China wre of Indian features. thich lips, high nose, long eyes, bull jaws. etc... but that after the T'ang the form became "more effeminate"
佛第子; Disciples of Buddha, whether monks or laymen.
佛智; Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi, Buddha-wisdom, i,e, supreme. universal gnosis. awareness or intelligence; sarvajnata omniscience.
佛法; Buddhadharrma ; the Dharma or Law preached by the buddha the principles underlying these teachings, the truth attained by him. its embodiment in his being.

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